ASTM E837-01e1

Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Residual stresses are present in almost all structures. They may be present as a result of manufacturing processes or they may occur during the life of the structure. In many cases residual stresses are a major factor in the failure of a structure, particularly one subjected to alternating service loads or corrosive environments. Residual stress may also be beneficial as, for example, compressive stresses produced by shot peening. The hole-drilling strain-gage technique is a practical method for determining residual stresses. See Table 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining residual stresses near the surface of isotropic linearly-elastic materials. Although the concept is quite general, the test method described here is applicable in those cases where the stresses do not vary significantly with depth and do not exceed one half of the yield strength. The test method is often described as "semi-destructive" because the damage that it causes is very localized and in many cases does not significantly affect the usefulness of the specimen. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measuring residual stress substantially destroy the specimen. Since the test method described here does cause some damage, it should be applied only in those cases either where the specimen is expendable or where the introduction of a small shallow hole will not significantly affect the usefulness of the specimen.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-2001
• ICS: 77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.13 - Residual Stress Measurement

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E837-01 - Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Replaced By: ASTM E837-08 - Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2008
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G58-85(2015) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens for Weldments
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1561-20 - Standard Practice for Analysis of Strain Gage Rosette Data
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation: E 837 – 01
Standard Test Method for
Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-
1
Gage Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E837; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE— Equations 17 and 18, Sections 9.2.2, 9.2.3, 11.2.5 , 11.2.6 and Table 2 were editorially upated in January 2002.
INTRODUCTION
The hole-drilling strain-gage method measures residual stresses near the surface of a material. The
method involves attaching strain gages to the surface, drilling a hole in the vicinity of the gages, and
measuring the relieved strains. The measured strains are then related to relieved principal stresses
through a series of equations.
1. Scope E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of
2
Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining
residual stresses near the surface of isotropic linearly-elastic
3. Summary of Test Method
materials. Although the concept is quite general, the test
3.1 Astrain gage rosette with three or more elements of the
method described here is applicable in those cases where the
general type schematically illustrated in Fig. 1 is placed in the
stresses do not vary significantly with depth and do not exceed
area under consideration.The numbering scheme for the strain
one half of the yield strength. The test method is often
3
gages follows a clockwise (CW) convention (1).
described as “semi-destructive” because the damage that it
causes is very localized and in many cases does not signifi-
NOTE 1—The gage numbering convention used for the rosette illus-
cantly affect the usefulness of the specimen. In contrast, most tratedinFig.1differsfromthecounter-clockwise(CCW)conventionused
for some designs of general-purpose strain gage rosettes and for some
other mechanical methods for measuring residual stress sub-
other types of residual stress rosette. If a strain gage rosette with CCW
stantially destroy the specimen. Since the test method de-
gage numbering is used, the residual stress calculation methods described
scribed here does cause some damage, it should be applied
in this test method still apply. The only change is a reversal in the
only in those cases either where the specimen is expendable or
assignment of the direction of the most tensile principal stress. This
where the introduction of a small shallow hole will not
change is described in Note 7. All other aspects of the residual stress
significantly affect the usefulness of the specimen.
calculation are unaffected.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 A hole is drilled at the geometric center of the strain
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
gagerosettetoadepthofabout0.4ofthemeandiameterofthe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
strain gage circle, D.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 The residual stresses in the area surrounding the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
drilled hole relax. The relieved strains are measured with a
suitable strain-recording instrument. Within the close vicinity
2. Referenced Documents
of the hole, the relief is nearly complete when the depth of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
drilled hole approaches 0.4 of the mean diameter of the strain
gage circle, D.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on
2
Residual Stress Measurement. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
3
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2001. Published November 2001. Originally Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
published as E837–81. Last previous edition E837–99. this test method.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E837–01
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram Showing the Geometry of a Typical Three-Element Clockwise (CW) Strain Gage Rosette for the Hole-Drilling
Method
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
3.3 Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of the residual
e 5 ~A 1 Bcos2b!s 1 ~A 2 Bcos2b!s (1)
r max min
where:
e = relieved strain measured by a radially aligned
r
strain gage centered at P,
¯ ¯
A,B = calibration constants,
s = maximum (most tensile) and
max
s = minimum (most compressive) principal stresses
min
present at the hole location before drilling,
b = angle measured clockwise from the direction of
gage 1 to the direction of s ,
max
D = diameter of the
...