ASTM C457/C457M-16

Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The parameters of the air-void system of hardened concrete determined by the procedures described in this test method are related to the susceptibility of the cement paste portion of the concrete to damage by freezing and thawing. Hence, this test method can be used to develop data to estimate the likelihood of damage due to cyclic freezing and thawing or to explain why it has occurred. The test method can also be used as an adjunct to the development of products or procedures intended to enhance the resistance of concrete to cyclic freezing and thawing.  
5.2 Values for parameters of the air-void system can be obtained by any of the procedures described in this test method. The selection of which one of the three methods to be used shall be subject to agreement of the user and provider of the determination
Note 1: Because Procedure C requires darkening the paste and aggregate, its use must occur after other tests if the analyst is also gathering petrographic data in addition to the measurements described in this test method.  
5.3 No provision is made for distinguishing among entrapped air voids, entrained air voids, and water voids. Any such distinction is arbitrary, because the various types of voids intergrade in size, shape, and other characteristics. Reports that do make such a distinction typically define entrapped air voids as being larger than 1 mm in at least one dimension being irregular in shape, or both. The honey-combing that is a consequence of the failure to compact the concrete properly is one type of entrapped air void.  
5.4 Water voids are cavities that were filled with water at the time of setting of the concrete. They are significant only in mixtures that contained excessive mixing water or in which pronounced bleeding and settlement occurred. They are most common beneath horizontal reinforcing bars, pieces of coarse aggregate and as channelways along their sides. They occur also immediately below surfaces that were compacted by finish...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for microscopical determinations of the air content of hardened concrete and of the specific surface, void frequency, spacing factor, and paste-air ratio of the air-void system in hardened concrete. Three procedures are described:  
1.1.1 Procedure A—Linear-traverse method.  
1.1.2 Procedure B—Modified point-count method.  
1.1.3 Procedure C—Contrast enhanced method.  
1.2 This test method is based on prescribed procedures that are applied to sawed and lapped sections of specimens of concrete from the field or laboratory.  
1.3 It is intended to outline the principles of this test method and to establish standards for its adequate performance but not to describe in detail all the possible variations that might be used to accomplish the objectives of this test method.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Note 9 and Note 12.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2016
• ICS: 91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
• Technical Committee: C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
• Drafting Committee: C09.65 - Petrography

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C457/C457M − 16
Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void
1
System in Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C457/C457M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method describes procedures for microscopical 2.1 ASTM Standards:
determinations of the air content of hardened concrete and of C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled
the specific surface, void frequency, spacing factor, and paste- Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
air ratio of the air-void system in hardened concrete. Three C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
procedures are described: gregates
1.1.1 Procedure A—Linear-traverse method. C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield,
1.1.2 Procedure B—Modified point-count method. and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
1.1.3 Procedure C—Contrast enhanced method. C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
Concrete by the Volumetric Method
1.2 This test method is based on prescribed procedures that
C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
are applied to sawed and lapped sections of specimens of
Concrete by the Pressure Method
concrete from the field or laboratory.
C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to
1.3 It is intended to outline the principles of this test method
Rapid Freezing and Thawing
and to establish standards for its adequate performance but not
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
to describe in detail all the possible variations that might be
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
used to accomplish the objectives of this test method.
C672/C672M Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Con-
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units crete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals
C823/C823M Practice for Examination and Sampling of
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each Hardened Concrete in Constructions
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining C856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened
Concrete
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard. D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
Open Cup Tester
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3
2.2 American Concrete Institute Standards:
safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility
201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
211.1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see
Note 9 and Note 12.
3. Terminology
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Terminology C125.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
¯
3.2.1 average chord length ~l!, n—the average length of the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
chords formed by the transection of the voids by the line of
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
C09.65 on Petrography. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published April 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C457/C457M – 12. Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
DOI: 10.1520/C0457_C0457M-16. Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C457/C457M − 16
traverse; the unit is a length. the concrete by summing the distances traversed across a given
component along a series of r
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C457/C457M − 12 C457/C457M − 16
Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void
1
System in Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C457/C457M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes procedures for microscopical determinations of the air content of hardened concrete and of the
specific surface, void frequency, spacing factor, and paste-air ratio of the air-void system in hardened concreteconcrete. (Three1).
Two procedures are described:
1.1.1 Procedure A, A— the linear-traverse method Linear-traverse method. (2, 3).
1.1.2 Procedure B, B— the modified point-count methodModified point-count method. (3, 4, 5, 6).
1.1.3 Procedure C—Contrast enhanced method.
1.2 This test method is based on prescribed procedures that are applied to sawed and lapped sections of specimens of concrete
from the field or laboratory.
1.3 It is intended to outline the principles of this test method and to establish standards for its adequate performance but not
to describe in detail all the possible variations that might be used to accomplish the objectives of this test method.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use. For specific hazard statements see 8.3Note 9 and 10.1Note 12.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C231C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C672/C672M Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals
C823C823/C823M Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened Concrete in Constructions
C856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2012April 2017. Originally approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 20112012 as
C457/C457M – 11.12. DOI: 10.1520/C0457_C0457M-12.10.1520/C0457_C0457M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C457/C457M − 16
3
2.2 American Concrete Institute Standards:
201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete
211.1 RecommendedStandard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this
...