ASTM F2270-12
(Guide)Standard Guide for Construction and Maintenance of Warning Track Areas on Athletic Fields
Standard Guide for Construction and Maintenance of Warning Track Areas on Athletic Fields
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Warning tracks are playing surfaces located on the margins of the playing area for the purpose of providing a warning to the player that he or she is approaching a hazard (commonly a fence) or out-of-bounds area. In order to provide for an effective warning track surface, the warning track must be constructed and maintained in such a manner so that the player can sense the change in texture from the regular playing surface and the warning track without having to look. This feature is very important in that the player is often visually focused on the ball during play and would not be looking at the ground as he/she is running toward the warning track. The warning track must also be constructed and maintained in such a manner that the warning track itself, or the surface transition, does not pose a hazard to the players.
The warning track areas of sports fields should provide a uniform surface with good footing. The change in surface texture of the warning track from the surrounding playing surface must be of enough contrast such that the player can sense the change without looking. Most often, warning track surfaces are devoid of turf or other vegetation. However, turfed warning track areas may be used in instances where such purpose is to “warn” the player of an impending hazard where the primary playing surface is a skinned area. This may be the case in softball where the entire infield playing surface is a skinned area and a turfed warning track is used along the first base and third base fencelines. Undulations, rough surface, hard or soft surface, weeds, stones, debris, wets spots, etc. detract from a good, safe warning track. The safety and effectiveness of the warning track is largely affected by construction and maintenance procedures and this guide addresses those procedures.
During construction, consideration should be given to factors such as the physical and chemical properties of materials used in the area, freedom from stones, sticks, and other debr...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction and maintenance of warning track areas on sports fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, such as soil and sand for use in constructing or reconditioning warning track areas and for selection of management practices that will maintain a safe and functioning warning track. Although this guide has applications to all sports where a warning track surface may be required or desired, it has specific applications to baseball/softball.
1.2 This guide does not address synthetic warning tracks such as rubberized surfaces, artificial turf, or paved surfaces.
1.3 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by local soil types, climatic factors, level of play, budget, and training/ability of management personnel.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
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Designation: F2270 − 12 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Construction and Maintenance of Warning Track Areas on
1
Athletic Fields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope teristics of Natural Playing Surfaces
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the
3. Terminology
construction and maintenance of warning track areas on sports
3.1 Definitions—Except as noted, soil- and turfgrass-related
fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of
definitions are in accordance with Terminology F2651.
materials, such as soil and sand for use in constructing or
reconditioning warning track areas and for selection of man-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
agement practices that will maintain a safe and functioning 3.2.1 aggregate material—a soil-like or earthy material
warning track. Although this guide has applications to all
without appreciable soil structural properties such that an
sports where a warning track surface may be required or aggregate material is essentially granular or single-grained in
desired, it has specific applications to baseball/softball.
nature.
3.2.2 warning track—a section of a sports field area typi-
1.2 This guide does not address synthetic warning tracks
such as rubberized surfaces, artificial turf, or paved surfaces. cally devoid of vegetation, that provides a change in surface
texture such that an athlete can sense without looking the
1.3 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance
proximity to a hazard such as a fence, post, or wall.
techniques are influenced by local soil types, climatic factors,
level of play, budget, and training/ability of management
4. Significance and Use
personnel.
4.1 Warning tracks are playing surfaces located on the
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
margins of the playing area for the purpose of providing a
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
warning to the player that he or she is approaching a hazard
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, (commonly a fence) or out-of-bounds area. In order to provide
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to for an effective warning track surface, the warning track must
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
be constructed and maintained in such a manner so that the
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to player can sense the change in texture from the regular playing
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
surface and the warning track without having to look. This
mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. feature is very important in that the player is often visually
focused on the ball during play and would not be looking at the
2. Referenced Documents
ground as he/she is running toward the warning track. The
2
warning track must also be constructed and maintained in such
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a manner that the warning track itself, or the surface transition,
F1815 Test Methods for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,
does not pose a hazard to the players.
Water Retention, Porosity, and Bulk Density of Athletic
Field Rootzones
4.2 The warning track areas of sports fields should provide
F2651 Terminology Relating to Soil and Turfgrass Charac-
a uniform surface with good footing. The change in surface
texture of the warning track from the surrounding playing
surface must be of enough contrast such that the player can
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
sense the change without looking. Most often, warning track
Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 on
surfaces are devoid of turf or other vegetation. However, turfed
Natural Playing Surfaces.
warning track areas may be used in instances where such
Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
purpose is to “warn” the player of an impending hazard where
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F2270 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/F2270-12.
the primary playing surface is a skinned area. This may be the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
case in softball where the entire infield playing surface is a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
skinned area and a turfed warning track is used along the first
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. b
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:F2270–04 Designation:F2270–12
Standard Guide for
Construction and Maintenance of Warning Track Areas on
1
SportsAthletic Fields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction and maintenance of warning track areas on sports
fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, such as soil and sand for use in constructing or reconditioning
warning track areas and for selection of management practices that will maintain a safe and functioning warning track. Although
this guide has applications to all sports where a warning track surface may be required or desired, it has specific applications to
baseball/softball.
1.2 This guide does not address synthetic warning tracks such as rubberized surfaces, artificial turf, or paved surfaces.
1.3 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by local soil types, climatic factors, level of
play, budget, and training/ability of management personnel.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: D422Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D4318Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
E11Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
F405Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings
F1815 Test Methods for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Water Retention, Porosity, and Bulk Density of Athletic Field
Rootzones
F2107Guide for Construction and Maintenance of Skinned Areas on Baseball and Softball Fields 2651 Terminology Relating
to Soil and Turfgrass Characteristics of Natural Playing Surfaces
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Except as noted, soil- and turfgrass-related definitions are in accordance with Terminology D653F2651.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 aggregate material—a soil-like or earthy material without appreciable soil structural properties such that an aggregate
material is essentially granular or single-grained in nature.
3.2.2 clay—(1)Asoil separate consisting of particles <0.002 mm in equivalent diameter. See also soil separates.(2)Atextural
class. See also soil texture.(3) In reference to clay mineralogy, a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained
minerals, which is generally plastic at appropriate water contents and will harden when dried or fired. Although clay usually
contains phyllosilicates, it may contain other materials that impart plasticity and harden when dried or fired.Associated phases in
clay may include materials that do not impart plasticity and organic matter. (1,3,4,5,6)
3.2.2.1Discussion—Ideally, clay should be appropriately defined when used to describe soils or top mixes for warning track
areas. A60% sand/40% clay mixture could imply either 60% sand/40% clayey soil or other textures that contain enough clay
(<0.002 mm) to exhibit plasticity or 60% sand (2.0 to 0.05 mm)/40% clay (<0.002 mm).
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 on Natural
Playing Surfaces.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published January 2004. DOI: 10.1520/F2270-04.
Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F2270 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/F2270-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International
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