ASTM D4849-02B(2007)e3
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibility for every item in this standard. The standards in which the terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without the approval of 13.58 subcommittee. Any changes approved by the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes or additions to Terminology D123.
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the terms under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58. Other terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D4849 − 02b(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Terminology Related to
Yarns and Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—This terminology was udpated editorially with terms from Subcommittee D13.58 standards in September 2011.
ε NOTE—This terminology was udpated editorially with terms from D2258 in May 2012.
ε NOTE—The terms “lot” and “lot sample” were removed and terms from D1422 were updated editorially in September
2013.
1. Scope Length Specimens (Withdrawn 2010)
D1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn Construction
1.1 Thisstandardisacompilationofterminologydeveloped
D1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the
by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Untwist-Retwist Method
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to
D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are
D1425 TestMethodforUnevennessofTextileStrandsUsing
generally understood or adequately defined in other readily
Capacitance Testing Equipment
available sources are not included.
D1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
1.1.2 SubcommitteeD13.58hasjurisdictionalresponsibility
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
for every item in this standard. The standards in which the
Form
terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without
ber) by the Skein Method
the approval of 13.58 subcommittee.Any changes approved by
D2102 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Bundle
the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to
Test)
subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes
D2255 Test Method for Grading SpunYarns forAppearance
or additions to Terminology D123.
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the
D2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
terms under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58. Other
D2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn
terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee
Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.
D2402 Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers
(Centrifuge Procedure)
2. Referenced Documents
D2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(Static Tests)
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
D861 PracticeforUseoftheTexSystemtoDesignateLinear
D2645 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted
Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns
Systems
D204 Test Methods for Sewing Threads
D2644 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen System
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
D3106 Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elasto-
meric Yarns
D3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction,Yarn to Solid
Material
1 D3128 Specification for 2-Methoxyethanol
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
D3217 Test Methods for BreakingTenacity of Manufactured
Current edition approved July 1, 2007 Published August 2007 Originally
Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations
approved in 1988. Discontinued June 1992 and reinstated as D4849–02. Last
ε2 D3218 Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
previous edition approved in 2002 as D4849–02b . DOI: 10.1520/D4849-
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
02BR07E03.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
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D4849 − 02b (2007)
Sliver, or Tow for Testing mathematically, the difference between the highest and
D3334 Test Method for Fabrics Woven from Polyolefin lowest mass readings determined in the test, expressed as a
Monofilaments (Withdrawn 1989) percentage of the average mass. D6612
D3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
beam, n—in textiles, a large spool containing many ends of
D3513 Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manu-
yarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weaving
factured Staple Fiber
or warp knitting. D2258
D3693 Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of
Sewing Thread
beam set, n—in textiles, one or more beams of yarn in a single
D3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile
shipment to be further processed together for a specific end
Fibers
use. D2258
D3823 Practice for DeterminingTicket Numbers for Sewing
bench marks, n—marks placed on a specimen to define gage
Threads
length, that is, the portion of the specimen that will be
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
evaluated in a specific test. D76
D3937 Test Method for Crimp Frequency of Manufactured
Staple Fibers
boundary friction, n—friction at low sliding speeds (0.02
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-film
D4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
lubricant conditions. D3412
D4120 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver,
and Top in Dynamic Tests broken filament, n—in multifilament yarn, breaks in one or
D4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Textiles
more filaments. D3990
(Withdrawn 1996)
bulk sample, n—in the sampling of bulk material, one or more
D4466 Terminology Related to Multicomponent Textile Fi-
portions which (1) are taken from material that does not
bers
consist of separately identifiable units and (2) can be
D4724 Test Method for Entanglements in Untwisted Fila-
identified after sampling as separate or composited units.
ment Yarns by Needle Insertion
D2258
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
Related Properties of Textiles
bulk shrinkage, n—a measure of potential stretch and power
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
of stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns.
D4911 Tolerances for Yarns Made of Man-Made Fibers and
D4031
Spun on the Parrallel Worsted or Modified Worsted
bunch, n—a defect in a yarn characterized by a segment not
System (Withdrawn 2000)
over 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) in length that shows an abrupt increase in
D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
diameter caused by more fibers matted in this particular
Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
place. (See slug, slub.) D2255
D5104 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Single-
Fiber Test)
cable twist, n—theconstructionofcabledyarn,cord,orropein
D5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-
whicheachsuccessivetwistisintheoppositedirectiontothe
tion of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)
preceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction. D1423
D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-
ented Yarn
calibrate, v—to determine and record the relationship between
D5647 Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the
a set of standard units of measure and the output of an
Photo-Electric Apparatus
instrument or test procedure.
D6197 Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults in
DISCUSSION—This term is also commonly used to describe the
Spun Yarns in Electronic Tests checkingofpreviouslymarkedinstruments,anoperationmoreproperly
described as a description of verification. D76
D6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using Automatic
Tester
capacity, n—for tensile testing machines, the maximum force
D6612 Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number
for which the machine is designed.
Variability Using Automated Tester
DISCUSSION—Capacity is the maximum force the tester-frame and the
D6774 Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for
drive system can exercise on the specimen without inadmissible
Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester
deformations of the tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there are
available load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may be
3. Terminology
chosen to select an appropriate full-scale range for a special test. D76
3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58
case, n—in textiles, a shipping unit, usually a carton, box, bale,
jurisdiction and attribution for each term.
or other container holding a number of yarn packages.
American grain count, n—adirectyarnnumberingsystemfor
D2258
expressing linear density, equal to the mass in grains per 120
clamp, n—that part of a testing machine used to grip the
yards of sliver or roving. D2260
specimen by means of suitable jaws. D76
bad/good test (%BGT), n—an index value which shows the
total spread, or greatest variation, for the test; cockles, n—in yarns, irregular, thick, uneven lumps. D2255
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D4849 − 02b (2007)
coefficient of friction, n—the ratio of the tangential force that measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance with
is needed to maintain uniform relative motion between two increasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) D76
contacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding them
constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), n—in
in contact. D3108, D3412
tensile testing, an apparatus in which the rate of increase of
coefficient of variation unevenness, n—in textiles, the stan- the force is uniform with time after the first 3 s and the
dard deviation of the linear densities over which unevenness specimen is free to elongate, this elongation dependent on
is measured expressed as a percentage of the average linear the extension characteristics of the specimen at any applied
density for the total length within which unevenness is force. D76
measured. (See also unevenness and mean deviation
constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine (CR), n—a
unevenness.) D1425
testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves at a
cohesive force, n—in a textile strand, the force required to uniformrateandtheforceisappliedthroughtheotherclamp
overcome fiber cohesion as the strand is being reduced in which moves appreciably to actuate a force-measuring
linear density. mechanism, producing a rate of increase of force or exten-
DISCUSSION—In dynamic tests, cohesive force is the force required to sion that is usually not constant and is dependent upon the
maintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohesive
extension characteristics of the specimen. D76
force is measured while a test specimen is held in a fixed position
container, n—a receptacle designed to hold a material, or to
between two slowly separating clamps. D2612, D4120
give integrity to the material.
colorfastness, n—the resistance of a material to change in any
DISCUSSION—The term container in textiles may include bales,
of its color characteristics, to transfer its colorant(s) to
cartons and other shipping containers. D3333
adjacent materials, or both, as the result of exposure of the
coefficient of variation (CV), n—a measure of the dispersion
material to any real or simulated environment that might be
of observed values equal to the standard deviation for the
encountered during processing, storage, use or testing of the
values divided by the average of the values; may be
material. D204
expressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D6612
commercial allowance, n—an arbitrary value equal to the
core-spun yarn, n—a compound structure in which a filament
commercial moisture regain plus a specified allowance for
or strand serves as an axis around which a cover of either
finish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-dried yarn, to
loose fiber or a yarn is wound.
compute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legal
DISCUSSION—(1) General—in yarn testing, when the core and cover
mass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textile
in this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing of
material (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) the
either component, the methods used should not compromise the
mass of a specific component in the analysis of fiber blends
physical properties of the component to be evaluated: and (2)
D1907, D2494
Specific—as a sewing thread, the means by which this compound
structure is made will not allow the core and cover to be readily
commercial mass, n—billed mass as determined by a gener-
separated without compromising the physical attributes of each com-
ally accepted method or as agreed upon between the pur-
ponent. Hence, the sewing thread should be evaluated as a compound
chaser and supplier.
structure. D204
DISCUSSION—The basis for determining the commercial mass of a
cotton count, n—an indirect yarn numbering system generally
shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of the
following: (1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scoured
used in the cotton system equal to the number of 840-yd
material)—the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definite
lengths of yarn per pound. D1059, D2260, D6587, D6612
prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial
allowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured cotton system, n—aspinningsystemadaptedtofiberslessthan
material)—the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definite
65 mm (2.5 in.) in length.
prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial
DISCUSSION—Thissystemusuallyemploysflat-topcardsandmayuse
moisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain with unscoured
roll and other drafting assemblies on intermediate processes and
material)—the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the mass
spinning machines. D2645
corresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjusted
net)—the mass of the unscoured fiber or yarn with no adjustment for
cover, n—in yarns, the outside layer of fibers that form the
the amount of moisture or finish, or both. D2494
surface of a yarn. D2255
component, n—as used with textile fiber polymers, a polymer
covered yarn, n—a compound structure which contains dis-
with distinguishable properties. D4466
tinguishable inner and outer fibrous elements which can be
different. D204
cone, n—in textiles, (1) a yarn holder or bobbin of coni
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