ASTM D4014-03(2018)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for Bridges
Standard Specification for Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for Bridges
ABSTRACT
This specification covers bearings, which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both. The bearings are furnished in four types as follows: plain elastomeric bearing pad; plain elastomeric sandwich bearing; steel-laminated elastomeric bearing; and steel-laminated elastomeric bearing with external load plate. The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in two types: Type CR and Type NR. The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in four grades of low-temperature properties: Grade 0; Grade 2; Grade 3; and Grade 5. The elastomeric compound used in the construction of a bearing shall contain only either natural rubber or chloroprene rubber as the raw polymer. Internal steel laminates shall be of rolled mild steel. Plain bearing pads shall be molded individually, or cut from previously molded strips or slabs, or extruded and cut to length. A steel-laminated bearing or a plain sandwich bearing shall be molded as a single unit under pressure and heat. All bonding of elastomer to steel laminates and to external load plates shall be carried out during molding. Bearing compression tests, compression stiffness, visual inspection, quality control properties, shear modulus, ozone resistance, and low-temperature grade tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
Note 1: The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
Designation: D4014 −03 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
D573Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all
Oven
elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel,
D832Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Tempera-
when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or
ture Testing
accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstruc-
D1149TestMethodsforRubberDeterioration—Crackingin
ture and its supporting structure, or both.
an Ozone Controlled Environment
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D1415Test Method for Rubber Property—International
standard.
Hardness
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used inter- D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—
changeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
Nomenclature
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the D2000Classification System for Rubber Products in Auto-
test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This
motive Applications
standarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,
D2137TestMethodsforRubberProperty—BrittlenessPoint
ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuser
of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
D2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHard-
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
ness
regulatory limitations prior to use.
D3183Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Purposes from Products
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3. Terminology
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1 Definitions:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to
the area of the steel laminate.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
A36/A36MSpecification for Carbon Structural Steel
D395Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or
D412TestMethodsforVulcanizedRubberandThermoplas-
purchaseorder,alotshallconsistofasingletypeofbearing,of
tic Elastomers—Tension
the same design and material, submitted for inspection at the
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
same time.
3.1.4 plainelastomericbearingpad—abearingthatconsists
only of elastomeric material.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materialsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on
3.1.5 plain elastomeric sandwich bearing—a bearing that
Bridges and Structures.
consistsofasinglelayerofelastomericmaterialbondedtoone
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally
or two external load plates (3.1.2).
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4014–03 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D4014-03R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4014 − 03 (2018)
3.1.6 steel-laminated elastomeric bearing—a bearing 4.2.1 Type CR—Chloroprene rubber.
molded of elastomeric material with one or more steel lami- 4.2.2 Type NR—Natural rubber.
nates embedded in and bonded to it, and to which one or two
4.2.3 If none is specified, then the manufacturer shall use
external load plates (3.1.2) may be bonded. one of those types.
NOTE 4—Appendix X1 relates to elastomeric materials which do not
4. Classification
have fully documented in-service records or sufficiently widespread use,
4.1 The bearings are furnished in four types as follows:
or both.
4.1.1 Plain elastomeric bearing pad. NOTE 5—The abbreviations for the elastomer types are taken from
Practice D1418.
4.1.2 Plain elastomeric sandwich bearing.
4.1.3 Steel-laminated elastomeric bearing.
4.3 The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is
4.1.4 Steel-laminatedelastomericbearingwithexternalload
furnished in four grades of low-temperature properties. The
plate(s).
grades and typical operating temperature conditions for each
grade are as follows:
NOTE2—Examplesofthetypesofelastomericbearingconstructionare
4.3.1 Grade 0—Suitable for continuous use down to+5°C.
given in Fig. 1.
NOTE3—Theadjectiveelastomericisomittedinthisspecificationwhen 4.3.2 Grade 2—Sub-zero temperatures occur at night and
referring to bearing types.
occasionally persist for no more than one or two days.
4.2 The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is 4.3.3 Grade 3—Same as Grade 2 but occasional periods of
furnished in two types as follows: up to two weeks continuously below zero.
FIG. 1 Examples of the Construction of Elastomeric Bearings
D4014 − 03 (2018)
4.3.4 Grade 5—Sub-zero temperatures down to−40°C per- 7.2 All internal steel laminates shall be of uniform thick-
sisting for several months each year with up to two months ness. When specified in the contract or purchase order, the
continuously below−15°C. thicknessoftheoutersteellaminatesmaydifferifnotadjacent
4.3.5 If a grade is not specified, Grade 0 shall be furnished. to an external load plate (see Fig. 1).
An elastomer of a higher grade number may be substituted for
7.3 The minimum thickness of internal steel laminates shall
any lower grade.
be1.5mmor0.060in.(16gage)whenthegreaterofthelength
or width of a rectangular bearing or the diameter of a circular
NOTE 6—A discussion of low-temperature properties of elastomeric
materials is given in Practice D832.
bearing is less than 450 mm or 18 in. In all other cases, the
NOTE 7—The grade numbers for the low-temperature properties corre-
minimum thickness shall be 2 mm or 0.075 in. (14 gage).
spond to those in Table6 of Classification D2000.
7.4 Externalloadplatesshallbeofuniformthicknessunless
5. Ordering Information otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order.
5.1 Orders for each type of bearing under this specification 7.5 Bearing dimensions and elastomer layer thicknesses
shall include the following: shallsatisfythetolerancesinTable1,inwhich Disthelength,
width, or diameter as appropriate, and T is the total elastomer
5.1.1 Quantity,
5.1.2 Bearing design, thickness.
7.6 Variation from a plane parallel to a design surface shall
NOTE 8—An example of the design information required is given in
Appendix X2. Working drawings may be substituted.
not exceed an average slope of 0.005 for the upper surface and
0.006 for a side surface.
5.1.3 Design load,
5.1.4 Shear modulus of the elastomer,
8. Test Methods and Acceptance Requirements
5.1.5 Rubber type,
5.1.6 Rubber grade, and
8.1 BearingCompressionTests—Allbearingssampledfrom
5.1.7 Ozone test partial pressure, if higher than 50 mPa
a lot shall be subjected to the compression tests. The cost of
(formerlyreferredtoasaconcentrationof50partsperhundred
replacement bearings and of testing them shall be borne by the
million (pphm)).
supplier.
8.1.1 Thebearingsshallbebroughttoatemperatureof23 6
6. Materials and Manufacture
6°C and shall be tested at this temperature.
8.1.2 CompressionStiffness—Loadthebearingtothedesign
6.1 Theelastomericcompoundusedintheconstructionofa
load (3.1.1) by increments of one-fifth of the design load. For
bearing shall contain only either natural rubber or chloroprene
eachloadincrement,theloadingtimeshallbewithintherange
rubber as the raw polymer. No reclaimed rubber shall be used.
of 1.4 to 2.6 min. When the increment has been applied, the
6.2 Internal steel laminates shall be of rolled mild steel.
load or deflection (depending on the type of testing machine)
6.3 External load plates shall conform to the requirements
shall be maintained constant for 30 s then the load and
of Specification A36/A36M unless otherwise specified in the
deflectionmeasured.Fromaplotofloadagainstdeflection,the
contract or purchase order.
compression stiffness shall be determined as the slope of the
best straight line through the points, ignoring the first point at
6.4 Plain bearing pads shall be molded individually, or cut
zero load. Record the compressive stiffness for each bearing.
from previously molded strips or slabs, or extruded and cut to
8.1.3 Visual Inspection—Increase the load to 1.5 times the
length. Cutting shall produce a smooth surface and no heating
design load, then maintain either load or deflection constant
of the elastomer.
while the bearing is inspected for visual faults, as follows:
6.5 A steel-laminated bearing or a plain sandwich bearing
8.1.3.1 If lack of elastomer to steel bond is indicated, the
shall be molded as a single unit under pressure and heat.
bearing shall be rejected.
6.6 All bonding of elastomer to steel laminates and to
8.1.3.2 If laminate placement faults are observed which
external load plates shall be carried out during molding. The
result in elastomer layer thickness that exceeds the tolerances
elastomer at the outer edges of bonds to external load plates
in 7.5, the bearing shall be rejected.
shall be shaped to avoid serious stress concentrations (see Fig.
1).
6.7 Internal steel laminates shall be free of sharp edges. TABLE 1 Tolerances for Bearing Dimensions and Elastomer
Layer Thicknesses
6.8 External load plates shall be protected from rusting
Tolerance
when supplied by the manufacturer.
Dimension
Minimum Maximum
6.9 All molds shall have a standard shop-practice mold
Length, width or diameter of 0 5 (0.2) + 0.005D
finish. bearing, mm (in.)
Height of bearing, mm (in.) 0 2 (0.1) + 0.04T
Thickness of elastomer 0 3 (0.1)
7. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
cover at top, bottom or side,
mm (in.)
7.1 All elastomeric layers, for example, plain-bearing pads,
Thickness of internal elas- ±20 % of design
laminates, and covers, shall be of uniform thickness unless
tomer laminate, % value
otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order.
D4014 − 03 (2018)
8.1.3.3 If there are at least three separate surface cracks 8.2.4 Shear Modulus—The shear modulus of the elastomer
whichareeachatleast2mmwideand2mmdeep,thebearing determined in accordance with Annex A1 shall not differ by
shall be rejected. more than 615% from the required shear modulus of the
8.1.4 Record the median compressive stiffness (K)ofthe elastomer.
bearing of median stiffness. The compressive stiffness of each 8.2.5 Ozone Resistance—An ozone resistance test shall be
bearing tested shall not differ from (K) by more than 10%. carriedoutonteststripsmountedinaccordancewithprocedure
8.1.5 For each bearing that fails to meet the requirements in A of Test Method D518. The test shall be carried out in
8.1,twoadditionalbearingsmaybesampledandshallmeetall accordance with Test Methods D1149 at 20% strain and at 40
the requirements in 8.1 or the lot shall be rejected. 62°Cfor100h.Theozonetestpartialpressureshallbe50 6
8.1.6 If the lot is not rejected, the bearing of median 5mPa,formerlyreferredtoasaconcentrationof50 65pphm,
stiffness(K)shallbesubjectedtotheelastomericmaterialtests unlessahighertestpartialpressurehasbeenspecified.Thetest
in 8.2. strips shall be examined for cracks using a 7× magnification
lens. The elastomer has adequate ozone resistance if no
8.2 Elastomeric Material Tests:
perpendicular cracks are observed on that surface of the strip
8.2.1 All test specimens used for the determination of the
corresponding to the outer surface of the bearing.
propertiesofthevulcanizedelastomericmaterialshallbetaken
8.2.6 Low-Temperature Grade Tests:
from bearings (see Practice D3183). Tensile and hardness
8.2.6.1 When low-temperature Grade 2, 3, or 5 is specified,
specimens for the quality control tests in 8.2.3, specimens for
a low-temperature brittleness test shall be carried out in
the ozone resistance test in 8.2.5, and strips for the low-
accordance with Test Methods D2137, Method A, using five
temperature brittleness test in 8.2.6.1, if applicable, shall
test strips. The temperature at which the strips shall be
includeanoutersurfaceofabearing.Allotherspecimensshall
conditionedandtestedshallbe−10°CforGrade2,−25°Cfor
be taken from within the middle one-third of a bearing.
Grade 3, and−40°C for Grade 5. To meet the requirements of
Compression-set specimens shall be as specified in Test Meth-
this specification, none shall fail.
ods D395, Method B, Type 1.
8.2.2 The temperature at which the tests shall be carried out
9. Sampling
shall be 23 6 2°C, except where otherwise specified in this
9.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase
specification.
order, sampling shall consist of the following:
8.2.3 Quality Control Properties—Thequalitycontrolprop-
9.1.1 For acceptance purposes, bearing from within the lot
erties of the elastomer shall meet the requirements of Table 2
shall be selected at random as samples for inspection and
for the hardness and type of rubber used.
testing.
9.1.2 Aminimum of three bearings shall be taken from the
TABLE 2 Quality Control Properties of Elastomer
lot for testing. If the number of bearings in the lot exceeds 50,
Rubber NR CR
thenforeach50,orpartthereof,oneadditionalbearingshallbe
Hardness limits (Test Method 45 to 75 45 to 75
taken for testing.
D1415 or D2240)
Physical properties (Test Methods
D412):
10. Product Marking
Tensile strength, min, MPa (psi) 15.5 (2250) 15.5 (2250)
Ultimate elongation:
10.1 Every bearing shall be marked in indelible ink or
45 to 55 hardness, min, % 400 400
flexible paint. The marking shall consist of the order number,
56 to 65 hardness, min, % 400 350
lot number, bearing identification number, elastomer type, and
66 to 75 hardness, min, % 300 300
High-temperature resistance (Test
grade reference number.
Method D573)
Aging time, h 168 70 10.2 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase
Aging temperature, °C 70 100
order, the marking should be on a side face visible after
Change in hardness, max, % +10 +15
erection of the
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4014 − 03 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
D573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all
Oven
elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel,
D832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Tempera-
when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or
ture Testing
accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstruc-
D1149 Test Methods for Rubber Deterioration—Cracking in
ture and its supporting structure, or both.
an Ozone Controlled Environment
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D1415 Test Method for Rubber Property—International
standard.
Hardness
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used inter-
D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—
changeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
Nomenclature
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
D2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Auto-
test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This
motive Applications
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
D2137 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness Point
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
ness
regulatory limitations prior to use.
D3183 Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Purposes from Products
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3. Terminology
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1 Definitions:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to
the area of the steel laminate.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-
purchase order, a lot shall consist of a single type of bearing, of
tic Elastomers—Tension
the same design and material, submitted for inspection at the
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
same time.
3.1.4 plain elastomeric bearing pad—a bearing that consists
only of elastomeric material.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on
3.1.5 plain elastomeric sandwich bearing—a bearing that
Bridges and Structures.
consists of a single layer of elastomeric material bonded to one
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally
or two external load plates (3.1.2).
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4014 – 03 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D4014-03R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4014 − 03 (2018)
3.1.6 steel-laminated elastomeric bearing—a bearing 4.2.1 Type CR—Chloroprene rubber.
molded of elastomeric material with one or more steel lami-
4.2.2 Type NR—Natural rubber.
nates embedded in and bonded to it, and to which one or two 4.2.3 If none is specified, then the manufacturer shall use
external load plates (3.1.2) may be bonded.
one of those types.
NOTE 4—Appendix X1 relates to elastomeric materials which do not
4. Classification
have fully documented in-service records or sufficiently widespread use,
4.1 The bearings are furnished in four types as follows:
or both.
NOTE 5—The abbreviations for the elastomer types are taken from
4.1.1 Plain elastomeric bearing pad.
Practice D1418.
4.1.2 Plain elastomeric sandwich bearing.
4.1.3 Steel-laminated elastomeric bearing.
4.3 The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is
4.1.4 Steel-laminated elastomeric bearing with external load
furnished in four grades of low-temperature properties. The
plate(s).
grades and typical operating temperature conditions for each
grade are as follows:
NOTE 2—Examples of the types of elastomeric bearing construction are
4.3.1 Grade 0—Suitable for continuous use down to +5 °C.
given in Fig. 1.
NOTE 3—The adjective elastomeric is omitted in this specification when
4.3.2 Grade 2—Sub-zero temperatures occur at night and
referring to bearing types.
occasionally persist for no more than one or two days.
4.2 The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is 4.3.3 Grade 3—Same as Grade 2 but occasional periods of
furnished in two types as follows: up to two weeks continuously below zero.
FIG. 1 Examples of the Construction of Elastomeric Bearings
D4014 − 03 (2018)
4.3.4 Grade 5—Sub-zero temperatures down to −40 °C per- 7.2 All internal steel laminates shall be of uniform thick-
sisting for several months each year with up to two months ness. When specified in the contract or purchase order, the
continuously below −15 °C. thickness of the outer steel laminates may differ if not adjacent
4.3.5 If a grade is not specified, Grade 0 shall be furnished. to an external load plate (see Fig. 1).
An elastomer of a higher grade number may be substituted for
7.3 The minimum thickness of internal steel laminates shall
any lower grade.
be 1.5 mm or 0.060 in. (16 gage) when the greater of the length
or width of a rectangular bearing or the diameter of a circular
NOTE 6—A discussion of low-temperature properties of elastomeric
materials is given in Practice D832.
bearing is less than 450 mm or 18 in. In all other cases, the
NOTE 7—The grade numbers for the low-temperature properties corre-
minimum thickness shall be 2 mm or 0.075 in. (14 gage).
spond to those in Table 6 of Classification D2000.
7.4 External load plates shall be of uniform thickness unless
5. Ordering Information otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order.
5.1 Orders for each type of bearing under this specification 7.5 Bearing dimensions and elastomer layer thicknesses
shall satisfy the tolerances in Table 1, in which D is the length,
shall include the following:
5.1.1 Quantity, width, or diameter as appropriate, and T is the total elastomer
thickness.
5.1.2 Bearing design,
7.6 Variation from a plane parallel to a design surface shall
NOTE 8—An example of the design information required is given in
Appendix X2. Working drawings may be substituted. not exceed an average slope of 0.005 for the upper surface and
0.006 for a side surface.
5.1.3 Design load,
5.1.4 Shear modulus of the elastomer,
8. Test Methods and Acceptance Requirements
5.1.5 Rubber type,
5.1.6 Rubber grade, and
8.1 Bearing Compression Tests—All bearings sampled from
5.1.7 Ozone test partial pressure, if higher than 50 mPa
a lot shall be subjected to the compression tests. The cost of
(formerly referred to as a concentration of 50 parts per hundred
replacement bearings and of testing them shall be borne by the
million (pphm)).
supplier.
8.1.1 The bearings shall be brought to a temperature of 23 6
6. Materials and Manufacture
6 °C and shall be tested at this temperature.
8.1.2 Compression Stiffness—Load the bearing to the design
6.1 The elastomeric compound used in the construction of a
load (3.1.1) by increments of one-fifth of the design load. For
bearing shall contain only either natural rubber or chloroprene
each load increment, the loading time shall be within the range
rubber as the raw polymer. No reclaimed rubber shall be used.
of 1.4 to 2.6 min. When the increment has been applied, the
6.2 Internal steel laminates shall be of rolled mild steel.
load or deflection (depending on the type of testing machine)
6.3 External load plates shall conform to the requirements
shall be maintained constant for 30 s then the load and
of Specification A36/A36M unless otherwise specified in the
deflection measured. From a plot of load against deflection, the
contract or purchase order.
compression stiffness shall be determined as the slope of the
best straight line through the points, ignoring the first point at
6.4 Plain bearing pads shall be molded individually, or cut
zero load. Record the compressive stiffness for each bearing.
from previously molded strips or slabs, or extruded and cut to
8.1.3 Visual Inspection—Increase the load to 1.5 times the
length. Cutting shall produce a smooth surface and no heating
design load, then maintain either load or deflection constant
of the elastomer.
while the bearing is inspected for visual faults, as follows:
6.5 A steel-laminated bearing or a plain sandwich bearing
8.1.3.1 If lack of elastomer to steel bond is indicated, the
shall be molded as a single unit under pressure and heat.
bearing shall be rejected.
6.6 All bonding of elastomer to steel laminates and to
8.1.3.2 If laminate placement faults are observed which
external load plates shall be carried out during molding. The
result in elastomer layer thickness that exceeds the tolerances
elastomer at the outer edges of bonds to external load plates
in 7.5, the bearing shall be rejected.
shall be shaped to avoid serious stress concentrations (see Fig.
1).
6.7 Internal steel laminates shall be free of sharp edges.
TABLE 1 Tolerances for Bearing Dimensions and Elastomer
Layer Thicknesses
6.8 External load plates shall be protected from rusting
Tolerance
when supplied by the manufacturer.
Dimension
Minimum Maximum
6.9 All molds shall have a standard shop-practice mold
Length, width or diameter of 0 5 (0.2) + 0.005D
finish.
bearing, mm (in.)
Height of bearing, mm (in.) 0 2 (0.1) + 0.04T
Thickness of elastomer 0 3 (0.1)
7. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
cover at top, bottom or side,
mm (in.)
7.1 All elastomeric layers, for example, plain-bearing pads,
Thickness of internal elas- ±20 % of design
laminates, and covers, shall be of uniform thickness unless
tomer laminate, % value
otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order.
D4014 − 03 (2018)
8.1.3.3 If there are at least three separate surface cracks 8.2.4 Shear Modulus—The shear modulus of the elastomer
which are each at least 2 mm wide and 2 mm deep, the bearing determined in accordance with Annex A1 shall not differ by
shall be rejected. more than 615 % from the required shear modulus of the
8.1.4 Record the median compressive stiffness (K) of the elastomer.
bearing of median stiffness. The compressive stiffness of each 8.2.5 Ozone Resistance—An ozone resistance test shall be
bearing tested shall not differ from (K) by more than 10 %. carried out on test strips mounted in accordance with procedure
8.1.5 For each bearing that fails to meet the requirements in A of Test Method D518. The test shall be carried out in
8.1, two additional bearings may be sampled and shall meet all accordance with Test Methods D1149 at 20 % strain and at 40
the requirements in 8.1 or the lot shall be rejected. 6 2 °C for 100 h. The ozone test partial pressure shall be 50 6
8.1.6 If the lot is not rejected, the bearing of median 5 mPa, formerly referred to as a concentration of 50 6 5 pphm,
stiffness (K) shall be subjected to the elastomeric material tests unless a higher test partial pressure has been specified. The test
in 8.2. strips shall be examined for cracks using a 7× magnification
lens. The elastomer has adequate ozone resistance if no
8.2 Elastomeric Material Tests:
perpendicular cracks are observed on that surface of the strip
8.2.1 All test specimens used for the determination of the
corresponding to the outer surface of the bearing.
properties of the vulcanized elastomeric material shall be taken
8.2.6 Low-Temperature Grade Tests:
from bearings (see Practice D3183). Tensile and hardness
8.2.6.1 When low-temperature Grade 2, 3, or 5 is specified,
specimens for the quality control tests in 8.2.3, specimens for
a low-temperature brittleness test shall be carried out in
the ozone resistance test in 8.2.5, and strips for the low-
accordance with Test Methods D2137, Method A, using five
temperature brittleness test in 8.2.6.1, if applicable, shall
test strips. The temperature at which the strips shall be
include an outer surface of a bearing. All other specimens shall
conditioned and tested shall be −10 °C for Grade 2, −25 °C for
be taken from within the middle one-third of a bearing.
Grade 3, and −40 °C for Grade 5. To meet the requirements of
Compression-set specimens shall be as specified in Test Meth-
this specification, none shall fail.
ods D395, Method B, Type 1.
8.2.2 The temperature at which the tests shall be carried out
9. Sampling
shall be 23 6 2 °C, except where otherwise specified in this
9.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase
specification.
order, sampling shall consist of the following:
8.2.3 Quality Control Properties—The quality control prop-
9.1.1 For acceptance purposes, bearing from within the lot
erties of the elastomer shall meet the requirements of Table 2
shall be selected at random as samples for inspection and
for the hardness and type of rubber used.
testing.
9.1.2 A minimum of three bearings shall be taken from the
TABLE 2 Quality Control Properties of Elastomer
lot for testing. If the number of bearings in the lot exceeds 50,
Rubber NR CR
then for each 50, or part thereof, one additional bearing shall be
Hardness limits (Test Method 45 to 75 45 to 75
D1415 or D2240) taken for testing.
Physical properties (Test Methods
D412):
10. Product Marking
Tensile strength, min, MPa (psi) 15.5 (2250) 15.5 (2250)
Ultimate elongation:
10.1 Every bearing sh
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4014 − 03 (Reapproved 2012) D4014 − 03 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the
function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting
structure, or both.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8B,, of this specification:This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability
of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
D573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air Oven
D832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Temperature Testing
D1149 Test Methods for Rubber Deterioration—Cracking in an Ozone Controlled Environment
D1415 Test Method for Rubber Property—International Hardness
D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—Nomenclature
D2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
D2137 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness Point of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
D3183 Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test Purposes from Products
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to the area of the steel laminate.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on Bridges
and Structures.
Current edition approved July 15, 2012April 1, 2018. Published July 2012April 2018. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
D4014 – 03 (2012).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D4014-03R12.10.1520/D4014-03R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4014 − 03 (2018)
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, a lot shall consist of a single type of bearing, of the same
design and material, submitted for inspection at the same time.
3.1.4 plain elastomeric bearing pad—a bearing that consists only of elastomeric material.
3.1.5 plain elastomeric sandwich bearing—a bearing that consists of a single layer of elastomeric material bonded to one or two
external load plates (3.1.2).
3.1.6 steel-laminated elastomeric bearing—a bearing molded of elastomeric material with one or more steel laminates
embedded in and bonded to it, and to which one or two external load plates (3.1.2) may be bonded.
4. Classification
4.1 The bearings are furnished in four types as follows:
4.1.1 Plain Elastomeric Bearing Pad.elastomeric bearing pad.
4.1.2 Plain Elastomeric Sandwich Bearing.elastomeric sandwich bearing.
4.1.3 Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearing.Steel-laminated elastomeric bearing.
4.1.4 Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearing with External Load Plate(s).Steel-laminated elastomeric bearing with external load
plate(s).
NOTE 2—Examples of the types of elastomeric bearing construction are given in Fig. 1.
NOTE 3—The adjective elastomeric is omitted in this specification when referring to bearing types.
4.2 The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in two types as follows:
4.2.1 Type CR—Chloroprene rubber.
4.2.2 Type NR—Natural rubber.
4.2.3 If none is specified, then the manufacturer shall use one of those types.
NOTE 4—Appendix X1 relates to elastomeric materials which do not have fully documented in-service records or sufficiently widespread use, or both.
NOTE 5—The abbreviations for the elastomer types are taken from Practice D1418.
4.3 The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in four grades of low-temperature properties. The grades and
typical operating temperature conditions for each grade are as follows:
4.3.1 Grade 0—Suitable for continuous use down to +5°C.to +5 °C.
4.3.2 Grade 2—Sub-zero temperatures occur at night and occasionally persist for no more than one or two days.
4.3.3 Grade 3—Same as Grade 2 but occasional periods of up to two weeks continuously below zero.
4.3.4 Grade 5—Sub-zero temperatures down to −40°Cto −40 °C persisting for several months each year with up to two months
continuously below −15°C.below −15 °C.
4.3.5 If a grade is not specified, Grade 0 shall be furnished. An elastomer of a higher grade number may be substituted for any
lower grade.
NOTE 6—A discussion of low-temperature properties of elastomeric materials is given in Practice D832.
NOTE 7—The grade numbers for the low-temperature properties correspond to those in Table 6 of Classification D2000.
5. Ordering Information
5.1 Orders for each type of bearing under this specification shall include the following:
5.1.1 Quantity,
5.1.2 Bearing design,
NOTE 8—An example of the design information required is given in Appendix X2. Working drawings may be substituted.
5.1.3 Design load,
5.1.4 Shear modulus of the elastomer,
5.1.5 Rubber type,
5.1.6 Rubber grade, and
5.1.7 Ozone test partial pressure, if higher than 50 mPa (formerly referred to as a concentration of 50 parts per hundred million
(pphm)).
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 The elastomeric compound used in the construction of a bearing shall contain only either natural rubber or chloroprene
rubber as the raw polymer. No reclaimed rubber shall be used.
6.2 Internal steel laminates shall be of rolled mild steel.
6.3 External load plates shall conform to the requirements of Specification A36/A36M unless otherwise specified in the contract
or purchase order.
D4014 − 03 (2018)
FIG. 1 Examples of the Construction of Elastomeric Bearings
6.4 Plain bearing pads shall be molded individually, or cut from previously molded strips or slabs, or extruded and cut to length.
Cutting shall produce a smooth surface and no heating of the elastomer.
6.5 A steel-laminated bearing or a plain sandwich bearing shall be molded as a single unit under pressure and heat.
6.6 All bonding of elastomer to steel laminates and to external load plates shall be carried out during molding. The elastomer
at the outer edges of bonds to external load plates shall be shaped to avoid serious stress concentrations (see Fig. 1).
6.7 Internal steel laminates shall be free of sharp edges.
6.8 External load plates shall be protected from rusting when supplied by the manufacturer.
6.9 All molds shall have a standard shop-practice mold finish.
7. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
7.1 All elastomeric layers, for example, plain-bearing pads, laminates, and covers, shall be of uniform thickness unless
otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order.
7.2 All internal steel laminates shall be of uniform thickness. When specified in the contract or purchase order, the thickness
of the outer steel laminates may differ if not adjacent to an external load plate (see Fig. 1).
D4014 − 03 (2018)
7.3 The minimum thickness of internal steel laminates shall be 1.5 mm or 0.060 in. (16 gage) when the greater of the length
or width of a rectangular bearing or the diameter of a circular bearing is less than 450 mm or 18 in. In all other cases, the minimum
thickness shall be 2 mm or 0.075 in. (14 gage).
7.4 External load plates shall be of uniform thickness unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order.
7.5 Bearing dimensions and elastomer layer thicknesses shall satisfy the tolerances in Table 1, in which D is the length, width,
or diameter as appropriate, and T is the total elastomer thickness.
7.6 Variation from a plane parallel to a design surface shall not exceed an average slope of 0.005 for the upper surface and 0.006
for a side surface.
8. Test Methods and Acceptance Requirements
8.1 Bearing Compression Tests—All bearings sampled from a lot shall be subjected to the compression tests. The cost of
replacement bearings and of testing them shall be borne by the supplier.
8.1.1 The bearings shall be brought to a temperature of 23 6 6°C6 °C and shall be tested at this temperature.
8.1.2 Compression Stiffness—Load the bearing to the design load (3.1.1) by increments of one fifth one-fifth of the design load.
For each load increment, the loading time shall be within the range of 1.4 to 2.6 min. When the increment has been applied, the
load or deflection (depending on the type of testing machine) shall be maintained constant for 30 s then the load and deflection
measured. From a plot of load against deflection, the compression stiffness shall be determined as the slope of the best straight line
through the points, ignoring the first point at zero load. Record the compressive stiffness for each bearing.
8.1.3 Visual Inspection—Increase the load to 1.5 times the design load, then maintain either load or deflection constant while
the bearing is inspected for visual faults, as follows:
8.1.3.1 If lack of elastomer to steel bond is indicated, the bearing shall be rejected.
8.1.3.2 If laminate placement faults are observed which result in elastomer layer thickness that exceedexceeds the tolerances
in 7.5, the bearing shall be rejected.
8.1.3.3 If there are at least three separate surface cracks which are each at least 2 mm wide and 2 mm deep, the bearing shall
be rejected.
8.1.4 Record the median compressive stiffness (K) of the bearing of median stiffness. The compressive stiffness of each bearing
tested shall not differ from (K) by more than 10 %.
8.1.5 For each bearing that fails to meet the requirements in 8.1, two additional bearings may be sampled and shall meet all the
requirements in 8.1 or the lot shall be rejected.
8.1.6 If the lot is not rejected, the bearing of median stiffness (K) shall be subjected to the elastomeric material tests in 8.2.
8.2 Elastomeric Material Tests:
8.2.1 All test specimens used for the determination of the properties of the vulcanized elastomeric material shall be taken from
bearings (see Practice D3183). Tensile and hardness specimens for the quality control tests in 8.2.3, specimens for the ozone
resistance test in 8.2.5, and strips for the low-temperature brittleness test in 8.2.6.1, if applicable, shall include an outer surface
of a bearing. All other specimens shall be taken from within the middle one third one-third of a bearing. Compression set
Compression-set specimens shall be as specified in Test Methods D395, Method B, Type 1.
8.2.2 The temperature at which the tests shall be carried out shall be 23 6 2°C2 °C, except where otherwise specified in this
specification.
8.2.3 Quality Control Properties—The quality control properties of the elastomer shall meet the requirements of Table 2 for the
hardness and type of rubber used.
TABLE 1 Tolerances for Bearing Dimensions and Elastomer
Layer Thicknesses
Tolerance
Dimension
Minimum Maximum
Length, width or diameter of 0 5 (0.2) + 0.005D
bearing, mm (in.)
Height of bearing, mm (in.) 0 2 (0.1) + 0.04T
Thickness of elastomer 0 3 (0.1)
cover
at top, bottom or side,
mm (in.)
Thickness of elastomer 0 3 (0.1)
cover
at top, bottom or side,
mm (in.)
Thickness of internal elas- ±20 % of design
tomer laminate, % value
D4014 − 03 (2018)
TABLE 2 Quality Control Properties of Elastomer
Rubber NR CR
Hardness limits (Test Method 45 to 75 45 to 75
D1415 or Test Method D2240)
Hardness limits (Test Method 45 to 75 45 to 75
D1415 or D2240)
Physical properties (Test Methods
D412):
Tensile strength, min, MPa (psi) 15.5 (2250) 15.5 (2250)
Ultimate elongation:
45 to 55 hardness, min, % 400 400
56 to 65 hardness, min, % 400 350
66 to 75 hardness, min, % 300 300
High-temperature resistance (Test
Method D573)
High-temperature resistance (Test
Method D573)
Aging time, h 168 70
Aging temperature, °C 70 100
Change in hardness, max, % +10 +15
Change in tensile strength, −25 −15
max, %
Change in ultimate elongation, −25 −40
max, %
Compression set (Test Meth-
ods D395, Method B)
Compression set (Test Methods
D395, Method B)
After 22 h at 70°C, max, % 25 .
After 22 h at 70 °C, max, % 25 . . .
After 22 h at 100°C, max, % . 35
After 22 h at 100 °C, max, % . . . 35
8.2.4 Shear Modulus—The shear modulus of the elastomer determined in accordance with Annex A1 shall not differ by more
than 615 % from the required shear modulus of the elastomer.
8.2.5 Ozone Resistance—An ozone resistance test shall be carried out on test strips mounted in a
...
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