ASTM D4014-03(2018)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for Bridges
Standard Specification for Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for Bridges
ABSTRACT
This specification covers bearings, which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both. The bearings are furnished in four types as follows: plain elastomeric bearing pad; plain elastomeric sandwich bearing; steel-laminated elastomeric bearing; and steel-laminated elastomeric bearing with external load plate. The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in two types: Type CR and Type NR. The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in four grades of low-temperature properties: Grade 0; Grade 2; Grade 3; and Grade 5. The elastomeric compound used in the construction of a bearing shall contain only either natural rubber or chloroprene rubber as the raw polymer. Internal steel laminates shall be of rolled mild steel. Plain bearing pads shall be molded individually, or cut from previously molded strips or slabs, or extruded and cut to length. A steel-laminated bearing or a plain sandwich bearing shall be molded as a single unit under pressure and heat. All bonding of elastomer to steel laminates and to external load plates shall be carried out during molding. Bearing compression tests, compression stiffness, visual inspection, quality control properties, shear modulus, ozone resistance, and low-temperature grade tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
Note 1: The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D4014 −03 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
1
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
D573Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all
Oven
elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel,
D832Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Tempera-
when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or
ture Testing
accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstruc-
D1149TestMethodsforRubberDeterioration—Crackingin
ture and its supporting structure, or both.
an Ozone Controlled Environment
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D1415Test Method for Rubber Property—International
standard.
Hardness
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used inter- D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—
changeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
Nomenclature
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the D2000Classification System for Rubber Products in Auto-
test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This
motive Applications
standarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,
D2137TestMethodsforRubberProperty—BrittlenessPoint
ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuser
of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
D2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHard-
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
ness
regulatory limitations prior to use.
D3183Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Purposes from Products
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3. Terminology
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1 Definitions:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to
the area of the steel laminate.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
A36/A36MSpecification for Carbon Structural Steel
D395Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or
D412TestMethodsforVulcanizedRubberandThermoplas-
purchaseorder,alotshallconsistofasingletypeofbearing,of
tic Elastomers—Tension
the same design and material, submitted for inspection at the
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
same time.
3.1.4 plainelastomericbearingpad—abearingthatconsists
only of elastomeric material.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materialsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on
3.1.5 plain elastomeric sandwich bearing—a bearing that
Bridges and Structures.
consistsofasinglelayerofelastomericmaterialbondedtoone
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally
or two external load plates (3.1.2).
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4014–03 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D4014-03R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4014 − 03 (2018)
3.1.6 steel-laminated elastomeric bearing—a bearing 4.2.1 Type CR—Chloroprene rubber.
molded of elastomeric material with one or more steel lami- 4.2.2 Type NR—Natural rubber.
nates embedded in and bonded to it, and to which one or two
4.2.3 If none is specified, then the manufacturer shall use
external load plates (3.1.2) may be bonded. one of those types.
NOTE 4—Appendix X1 relates to elastomeric materials which do not
4. Classification
have fully documented in-service records or sufficiently widespread use,
4.1 The bearings are furnished in four types as follows:
or both.
4.1.1 Plain elastomeric bearing pad. NOTE 5—The abbreviations for the elastomer types are taken from
Practice D1418.
4.1.2 Plain elastomeric sandwich bearing.
4.1.3 Steel-laminated elastomeric bearing.
4.3 The elastomer for the
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4014 − 03 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
1
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
D573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all
Oven
elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel,
D832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Tempera-
when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or
ture Testing
accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstruc-
D1149 Test Methods for Rubber Deterioration—Cracking in
ture and its supporting structure, or both.
an Ozone Controlled Environment
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D1415 Test Method for Rubber Property—International
standard.
Hardness
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used inter-
D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—
changeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
Nomenclature
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
D2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Auto-
test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This
motive Applications
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
D2137 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness Point
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
ness
regulatory limitations prior to use.
D3183 Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Purposes from Products
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3. Terminology
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1 Definitions:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to
the area of the steel laminate.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-
purchase order, a lot shall consist of a single type of bearing, of
tic Elastomers—Tension
the same design and material, submitted for inspection at the
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
same time.
3.1.4 plain elastomeric bearing pad—a bearing that consists
only of elastomeric material.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on
3.1.5 plain elastomeric sandwich bearing—a bearing that
Bridges and Structures.
consists of a single layer of elastomeric material bonded to one
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally
or two external load plates (3.1.2).
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4014 – 03 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D4014-03R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4014 − 03 (2018)
3.1.6 steel-laminated elastomeric bearing—a bearing 4.2.1 Type CR—Chloroprene rubber.
molded of elastomeric material with one or more steel lami-
4.2.2 Type NR—Natural rubber.
nates embedded in and bonded to it, and to which one or two 4.2.3 If none is specified, then the manufacturer shall use
external load plates (3.1.2) may be bonded.
one of those types.
NOTE 4—Appendix X1 relates to elastomeric materials which do not
4. Classification
have fully documented in-service records or sufficiently widespread use,
4.1 The bearings are furnish
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4014 − 03 (Reapproved 2012) D4014 − 03 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
1
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the
function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting
structure, or both.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8B,, of this specification:This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability
of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
3
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
D573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air Oven
D832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Temperature Testing
D1149 Test Methods for Rubber Deterioration—Cracking in an Ozone Controlled Environment
D1415 Test Method for Rubber Property—International Hardness
D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—Nomenclature
D2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
D2137 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness Point of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
D3183 Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test Purposes from Products
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to the area of the steel laminate.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on Bridges
and Structures.
Current edition approved July 15, 2012April 1, 2018. Published July 2012April 2018. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
D4014 – 03 (2012).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D4014-03R12.10.1520/D4014-03R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4014 − 03 (2018)
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, a lot shall consist of a single type of bearing, of the same
design and material, submitted for inspection at the same time.
3.1.4 plain elastomeric bearing pad—a bearing that consists only of elastomeric material.
3.1.5 plain elastomeric sandwich bearing—a bearing that consists of a single layer of elastomeric material bonded to one or two
external load plates (3.1.2).
3.1.6 steel-laminated elastomeric bearing—a bearing molded of elastomeric mater
...
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