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ASTM E848-94(2006)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates

Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide includes chromates that are not readily soluble in water and that have water solubilities (Chromate ION) within the range of the more soluble calcium chromate and the much less soluble lead chromate. The major occupations involving potential exposure to insoluble chromates are in roasting of chromite ore, the manufacture of chromate pigments, the manufacture of coatings containing chromate pigments, and spray painting with these coatings. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that trivalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers control procedures for the safe production, storage, transportation, and handling of only the hexavalent chromium compounds found in and their various hydrates, and mixtures of coprecipitates of the same regardless of crystalline form.
1.2 This guide is not intended to cover ( a) such "soluble" chromates as chromates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, or ammonium; (b) soluble bichromates; (c) chromic acid; (d) volatile chromyl compounds; (e) any trivalent chromium compound; or (f) elemental chromium. Omission of said compounds or classes of compounds should not be construed to mean that they may be handled without due regard to their particular physical, chemical, and toxicological hazards (, , ).
1.3 The chromate ion, CrO42, depending upon the acidity, complexes to form di-, tri-, and higher polychromates; hence, the chromates listed in may contain mixtures of polychromates, depending on the method of isolation and end use.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific precautionary information see Section 5.)

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2006
ICS
13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.21 - Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E848-94(2000) - Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E848-94(2012) - Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012

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ASTM E848-94(2006) - Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble ChromatesASTM E848-94(2006) - Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates
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ASTM E848-94(2006) - Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: E848 − 94 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Guide for
Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational
1
Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thisguideisintendedtoprovideguidanceinthesafehandlingofcertainchromatecompoundsthat
2
are suspected to be carcinogenic in man (1-8). Precautions contained herein are believed to protect
against possible carcinogenicity, and will also be sufficient to obviate any acute health hazards except
where skin hypersensitivity is a factor. Other hazards are considered and discussed.
The time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) specified in this guide are
based on studies evaluated by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) (9). Epidemiological studies of the chromate producing industry have indicated that
observed adverse health effects were associated with environmental levels and hygiene procedures
considerably less exacting than those recommended here (see Appendix X1).
Hygiene controls and medical surveillance measures have been chosen to protect workers,
recognizingthatthepotentialforexposurewillvarywidelyfromindustrytoindustryandbetweenone
location and another, depending on the compounds handled, scale of operations, kind of process, and
physical conditions.
The key to maintaining chromate levels below the PELis through implementation of cost effective
engineering controls augmented as necessary by personal protective equipment, or work practice
controls, or both. The choice of methods should depend upon the factors involved in each specific
situation.
Biological monitoring is also recommended for lead chromate (see 7.4).
All applicable federal, state, county and local regulations must be complied with when this guide
is used.
1. Scope volatile chromyl compounds; (e) any trivalent chromium
compound; or (f) elemental chromium. Omission of said
1.1 This guide covers control procedures for the safe pro-
compoundsorclassesofcompoundsshouldnotbeconstruedto
duction, storage, transportation, and handling of only the
mean that they may be handled without due regard to their
hexavalent chromium compounds found in Table 1 and their
particular physical, chemical, and toxicological hazards (9, 10,
various hydrates, and mixtures of coprecipitates of the same
11).
regardless of crystalline form.
−2
1.3 The chromate ion, CrO , depending upon the acidity,
4
1.2 This guide is not intended to cover (a) such “soluble”
complexes to form di-, tri-, and higher polychromates; hence,
chromates as chromates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, or
the chromates listed in Table 1 may contain mixtures of
ammonium; (b) soluble bichromates; (c) chromic acid; (d)
polychromates, depending on the method of isolation and end
use.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E848–94(2000).
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
DOI: 10.1520/E0848-94R06.
2
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of this
guide. (For more specific precautionary information see Section 5.)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E848 − 94 (Reapproved 2006)
TABLE 1 Examples of Some Hexavalent Chromium Compounds
4. Significance and Use
A
Chemical Name Formula Color Index Name
4.1 This guide includes chromates that are not readily
Barium chromate BaCrO Pigment Yellow 31
4
soluble in water and that have water solubilities (Chromate
Barium potassium chromate BaK (CrO ) Pigment Yellow 31
3 4 2
ION) within the range of the more soluble calcium chromate
Basic copper chromate CuCrO Not listed
4
xCu(OH)
2 and the much less soluble lead chromate. The major occupa-
Basic cadmium chromate Cd (OH) CrO Pigment Yellow 44
2 2 4
tionsinvolvingpotentialexposuretoinsolublechromatesarein
Basic lead chromate PbCrO PbO Pigment Orange 21
4
roasting of chromite ore, the manufacture of chromate pig-
Bismuth basic dichromate Bi O CrO Pigment Red 103
2 3 3
Calcium chromate CaCrO None assigned
4 ments, the man
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide includes chromates that are not readily soluble in water and that have water solubilities (Chromate ION) within the range of the more soluble calcium chromate and the much less soluble lead chromate. The major occupations involving potential exposure to insoluble chromates are in roasting of chromite ore, the manufacture of chromate pigments, the manufacture of coatings containing chromate pigments, and spray painting with these coatings. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that trivalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic.
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ASTM E1499-16(2023)(Guide)
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5.1 The term appearance (see 3.2.1) implies the essential presence of human visual observations. The results of visual observation involve not only the step of observing, accomplished by the eye, but also the inseparable step of interpretation in the brain. Instrumental test methods currently cannot duplicate this second step, and therefore can now only approximate, but not fully measure, appearance. Such instrumental measures of appearance properties are useful only to the extent that they can be correlated to the results of visual observations by observers of the appearance phenomena being evaluated.  
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Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide includes chromates that are not readily soluble in water and that have water solubilities (Chromate ION) within the range of the more soluble calcium chromate and the much less soluble lead chromate. The major occupations involving potential exposure to insoluble chromates are in roasting of chromite ore, the manufacture of chromate pigments, the manufacture of coatings containing chromate pigments, and spray painting with these coatings. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that trivalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical approximation that is used during design or for worst case evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human sensory mechanism and is only used on operating systems.  
Note 1: Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.  
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4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.  
4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties such as non-governmental organizations.  
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4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:  
4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids:  
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4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in the formulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.  
4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids:  
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SCOPE
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ASTM E1542-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety

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5.4 The CBSD process is intended:
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SCOPE
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1.4 Limitations—This guide does not prescribe specific methods for generating or evaluating scientific and technical data related to assessing a particular occupational safety and health issue. Occupational safety and health standards apply to a wide variety of substances and occupational exposure circumstances. It is not possible to anticipate all situations where an OEG may be useful for a standard. This guide will be helpful in promoting appropriate balance and input, but the consensus process must deal with real-world complexities that individual standards may involve.  
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