ASTM D2709-96(2011)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used as an indication of water and sediment in middle distillate fuels such as Grade Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil (Specification D396), Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel (Specification D975), and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels (Specification D2880).
Appreciable amounts of water and sediment in a fuel oil tend to cause fouling of the fuel-handling facilities and to give trouble in the fuel system of a burner or engine. An accumulation of sediment in storage tanks and on filter screens can obstruct the flow of oil from the tank to the combustor. Water in middle distillate fuels can cause corrosion of tanks and equipment, and if detergent is present, the water can cause emulsions or a hazy appearance. Water is necessary to support microbiological growth at fuel water-interfaces in fuel systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume of free water and sediment in middle distillate fuels having viscosities at 40°C (104°F) in the range of 1.0 to 4.1 mm2/s (1.0 to 4.1 cSt) and densities in the range of 770 to 900 kg/m3.
Note 1—Fuels corresponding to Specification D975 Grades 1D and 2D, Specification D2880 Grades 0-GT, 1-GT and 2-GT, and Specification D3699 Grades 1-K and 2-K will usually fall in this viscosity and density range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher viscosity fuel oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D2709 − 96(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Added part of speech to term in 3.1.1 editorially in May 2011.
1. Scope 3.1.1 distillate fuel, n—avirginorcrackedorblendofvirgin
and cracked distillate having a flash point greater than 38°C.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume
of free water and sediment in middle distillate fuels having
4. Summary of Test Method
viscosities at 40°C (104°F) in the range of 1.0 to 4.1 mm /s
4.1 A100-mL sample of the undiluted fuel is centrifuged at
(1.0 to 4.1 cSt) and densities in the range of 770 to 900 kg/m .
a relative centrifugal force of 800 for 10 min at 21 to 32°C (70
NOTE 1—Fuels corresponding to Specification D975 Grades 1D and
to 90°F) in a centrifuge tube readable to 0.005 mL and
2D, Specification D2880 Grades 0-GT, 1-GT and 2-GT, and Specification
measurable to 0.01 mL. After centrifugation, the volume of
D3699 Grades 1-K and 2-K will usually fall in this viscosity and density
water and sediment which has settled into the tip of the
range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher viscosity fuel oils.
centrifuge tube is read to the nearest 0.005 mLand reported as
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
the volumetric percent water and sediment by centrifuge.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
5. Significance and Use
only.
5.1 This test method is used as an indication of water and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the sediment in middle distillate fuels such as Grade Nos. 1 and 2
fuel oil (Specification D396), Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- (Specification D975), and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas
turbine fuels (Specification D2880).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.2 Appreciable amounts of water and sediment in a fuel oil
2. Referenced Documents
tend to cause fouling of the fuel-handling facilities and to give
2.1 ASTM Standards:
trouble in the fuel system of a burner or engine. An accumu-
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
lation of sediment in storage tanks and on filter screens can
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
obstruct the flow of oil from the tank to the combustor. Water
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
in middle distillate fuels can cause corrosion of tanks and
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
equipment, and if detergent is present, the water can cause
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
emulsions or a hazy appearance. Water is necessary to support
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
microbiologicalgrowthatfuelwater-interfacesinfuelsystems.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
6. Apparatus
Petroleum Products
6.1 Centrifuge, capable of whirling two or more filled
3. Terminology
centrifuge tubes at a speed which can be controlled to give a
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
relative centrifugal force (rcf) of 800 6 60 at the tip of the
tubes. The revolving head, trunnion rings, and trunnion cups,
including the cushions, are to be soundly constructed to
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee withstand the maximum centrifugal force capable of being
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
delivered by the power source.The trunnion cups and cushions
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally
shall support the tubes when the centrifuge is in motion. The
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D2709–96(2006).
centrifuge shall be enclosed by a metal shield or case strong
DOI: 10.1520/D2709-96R11E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or enough to eliminate danger if any breakage occurs.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.2 The data in Table 1 can be used to determine the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. centrifuge speed setting required for the centrifuge to meet
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D2709 − 96 (2011)
TABLE 1 Rotation Speeds Applicable for Centrifuges
tween 21 to 32°C (70 to 90°F), agitate the full sample by hand
of Various Diameters of Swing
or preferably by a mechanical shaker for 10 min to ensure
A
Diameters of Swing
Rpm at 500 Rpm at 800 homogeneity. (Warning—Flammable.)
rcf rcf
in. cm
8.2 As soon as possible, to prevent losing any water or
12 30.5 1710 2160
sediment, fill the centrifuge tube
...
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