ASTM C198-02(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Cold Bonding Strength of Refractory Mortar
Standard Test Method for Cold Bonding Strength of Refractory Mortar
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The data developed by this test method show the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of different qualities of air-setting mortar. The procedures described in this test method measure the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of air-setting mortars when used with specific brands or lots of refractory brick.
Note that it is possible to obtain results with these methods for brick and mortar combinations which are incompatible for use at high operating temperatures. The user must determine this compatibility. Only brick and mortar combinations known or intended to be compatible for a particular use should be tested.
Properties of the brick, including its strength, apparent porosity, and pore size distribution, can affect the measurement of both the bonding strength of the brick-mortar composite and the intrinsic strength of the mortar. The average modulus of rupture of the test brick, as determined by Test Method C 133, should exceed that expected for the mortar being tested. The testing of specific brands or lots of brick and mortar is preferred.
Three modes of failure are available: the break may occur within the brick itself, at the brick-mortar interface, or within the mortar itself. The latter provides a practical measurement of the strength of the mortar itself and is the predominant mode of failure with the four-point flexure test described. The three-point flexure test measures the failure strength of the brick-mortar composite. Failure within the brick itself suggests that either the particular brick contained a serious flaw, or that the mortar joint strength is of the same magnitude or greater than that of the refractory brick. The mode of failure should always be reported in the final report.
A ruggedness test for this test method performed in 1985 found the following variables to be rugged: specimen size (2.5 to 3.0 in.), mortared surface (cut versus uncut), joint thickness (1/16 to 1/8 in.), pulling of rods (fast versus slow), the loading rate...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bonding strength of air-setting refractory mortar by determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of oven-dried brick-mortar joints.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C198–02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Cold Bonding Strength of Refractory Mortar
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope patible for use at high operating temperatures. The user must
determine this compatibility. Only brick and mortar combina-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bond-
tions known or intended to be compatible for a particular use
ing strength of air-setting refractory mortar by determining the
should be tested.
flexural strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of
3.3 Properties of the brick, including its strength, apparent
oven-dried brick-mortar joints.
porosity, and pore size distribution, can affect the measurement
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
of both the bonding strength of the brick-mortar composite and
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
the intrinsic strength of the mortar. The average modulus of
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
rupture of the test brick, as determined by Test Method C133,
and are not considered standard.
should exceed that expected for the mortar being tested. The
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
testing of specific brands or lots of brick and mortar is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
preferred.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.4 Three modes of failure are available: the break may
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
occur within the brick itself, at the brick-mortar interface, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
within the mortar itself. The latter provides a practical mea-
2. Referenced Documents surement of the strength of the mortar itself and is the
predominant mode of failure with the four-point flexure test
2.1 ASTM Standards:
described. The three-point flexure test measures the failure
C78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using
strengthofthebrick-mortarcomposite.Failurewithinthebrick
Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
itself suggests that either the particular brick contained a
C133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modu-
serious flaw, or that the mortar joint strength is of the same
lus of Rupture of Refractories
magnitude or greater than that of the refractory brick. The
C651 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured
mode of failure should always be reported in the final report.
Carbon and GraphiteArticles Using Four-Point Loading at
3.5 A ruggedness test for this test method performed in
Room Temperature
1985foundthefollowingvariablestoberugged:specimensize
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
(2.5 to 3.0 in.), mortared surface (cut versus uncut), joint
1 1
3. Significance and Use
thickness ( ⁄16 to ⁄8 in.), pulling of rods (fast versus slow), the
loading rate (500 to 1000 lbf/min), the method of load
3.1 The data developed by this test method show the
application (3- versus 4-point), and the operator.
bonding strength and intrinsic strength of different qualities of
3.6 The cold bonding strengths of refractory mortars ob-
air-setting mortar.The procedures described in this test method
tained by this test method are suitable for use in research and
measure the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of air-
development, quality control, and for establishing and evalu-
setting mortars when used with specific brands or lots of
ating compliance with specifications between producers and
refractory brick.
consumers.
3.2 Note that it is possible to obtain results with these
methods for brick and mortar combinations which are incom-
4. Apparatus
1 1
4.1 Brick—At least five 9 by 4 ⁄4 by 2 ⁄2-in. (230 by 114 by
65-mm) straight brick having plane surfaces and true rectan-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
gular shape and an average modulus of rupture higher than that
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.
expected from the mortar under test, when determined in
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
approved in 1945. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C198 – 02. DOI: accordance with Test Methods C133, compose a sample.
10.1520/C0198-02R08.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Supporting data on ruggedness testing is available from ASTM International.
the ASTM website. Request RR:C-8-1008.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C198–02 (2008)
4.2 Spacing Rods—Two joint-thickness spacing rods made such as a 50 or 100-lb (23 or 45-kg) bag from which a 10-lb
of ⁄16-in. (2-mm) diameter drill rod cut into 4-in. (102-mm) (4.5 kg) sample may be obtained using acceptable sampling
lengths. procedures. The 10-lb (4.5 kg) sample should be thoroughly
4.3 Oven—Adrying oven to accommodate at least five 9-in. mixed with water to a uniform, troweling consistency and
(230-mm) straight brick standing on end, and for use at 220 to stored in a covered container (resistant to possible corrosive
230°F (105 to 110°C). action by the mortar) for at least 16 h prior to the test.
4.4 Testing Machine—A standard mechanical or hydraulic
NOTE 1—Reaction of phosphoric acid or aluminum phosphate with
compression testing machine conforming to the requirements
metallics may cause the development of hydrogen gas in some mortars.
of Practices E4 and having a sensitivity of 20 lbf or less in the
Therefore, the container should be covered only to minimize moisture
range from 0 to 4000 lbf (17.8 kN) may be used. loss, not tightly sealed.
4.5 Loading Fixture—The fixtures shall provide load bear-
6. Procedure
ing blocks which ensure that the forces are applied normal to
6.1 Cut each of the bricks of the sample (see Note 2) into
the beam without eccentricity. The directions of loads and
1 1
two equal parts on a plane parallel to the 2 ⁄2 by 4 ⁄4-in. (65 by
reactions may be maintained parallel by judicious use of
1 1
114-mm) face. Use the uncut 2 ⁄2 by-4 ⁄4 in. face of each dry
linkages, roller bearings, and flexure plates. Ecce
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:C 198–91 (Reapproved 1996) Designation: C 198 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Cold Bonding Strength of Refractory Mortar
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in September 1996.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthebondingstrengthofair-settingrefractorymortarbydeterminingtheflexural
strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of oven-dried brick-mortar joints.
1.2Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsareforinformationonly.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam Withwith Third-Point Loading)
C 133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories
C 651 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room
Temperature
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The data developed by this test method show the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of different qualities of air-setting
mortar. The procedures described in this test method measure the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of air-setting mortars
when used with specific brands or lots of refractory brick.
3.2 Note that it is possible to obtain results with these methods for brick and mortar combinations which are incompatible for
use at high operating temperatures. The user must determine this compatibility. Only brick and mortar combinations known or
intended to be compatible for a particular use should be tested.
3.3 Properties of the brick, including its strength, apparent porosity, and pore size distribution, can affect the measurement of
both the bonding strength of the brick-mortar composite and the intrinsic strength of the mortar. The average modulus of rupture
of the test brick, as determined by Test Method C 133, should exceed that expected for the mortar being tested. The testing of
specific brands or lots of brick and mortar is preferred.
3.4 Three modes of failure are available: the break may occur within the brick itself, at the brick-mortar interface, or within the
mortar itself.The latter provides a practical measurement of the strength of the mortar itself and is the predominant mode of failure
with the four-point flexure test described. The three-point flexure test measures the failure strength of the brick-mortar composite.
Failure within the brick itself suggests that either the particular brick contained a serious flaw, or that the mortar joint strength is
ofthesamemagnitudeorgreaterthanthatoftherefractorybrick.Themodeoffailureshouldalwaysbereportedinthefinalreport.
3.5 A ruggedness test for this test method performed in 1985 found the following variables to be rugged: specimen size (2.5
1 1
to 3.0 in.), mortared surface (cut versus uncut), joint thickness ( ⁄16 to ⁄8 in.), pulling of rods (fast versus slow), the loading rate
(500 to 1000 lbf/min), the method of load application (3- versus 4-point), and the operator.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C-8 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithic Refractories.
Current edition approved Jan. 25, 1991. Published August 1991. Originally published as C198–45 T. Last previous edition C198–83.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1945. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 198 – 02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For AnnualBookofASTM Standards
, Vol 04.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.
Supporting data on ruggedness testing is available from ASTM International. Request RR:C-8-1008.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 198 – 02 (2008)
3.6 The cold bonding strengths of refractory mortars obtained by this test method are suitable for use in research and
development, quality control, and for establishing and evaluating compliance with specifications between producers and
consumers.
4. Apparatus
1 1
4.1 Brick—At least five 9 by 4 ⁄4 by 2 ⁄2-in. (230 by 114 by 65-mm) straight brick having plane surfaces and true rectangular
shape and an average modulus of rupture higher than that expected from the mortar under test, when determined in accordance
with Test Methods C 133, compose a sample.
4.2 SpacingRods—Two joint-thickness spacing rods made of ⁄16-in. (2-mm) diameter drill rod cut into 4-in. (102-mm) lengths.
4.3 Oven—A drying oven to accommodate at least five 9-in. (230-mm) straight brick standing on end, and for use at 220 to
230°F (105 to 110°C).
4.4 Testing Machine—A standard mechanical or hydraulic compression testing machine conforming to the requirements of
Practices E 4 and having a sensitivity of 20 lbf or less in the range from 0 to 4000 lbf (17.8 kN) may be used.
4.5 LoadingFixture—Thefixturesshallprovideloadbearingblockswhichensurethattheforcesareappliednormaltothebeam
without eccentricity.The directions of loads and reactions may be maintained parallel by judicious use of linkages, roller bearings,
and flexure plates. Eccentricity of loading can be avoided by the use of spherical bearings.
4.5.1 Test Methods C 133 provide illustrations of three-point loading fixtures which meet the above requirements. One
acceptable four-point loading fixture is illustrated in Test Method C 78. Another is illustrated in Test Method C 651. The span
length, L, of the support blocks shall be 7.00 6 0.05 in. (178 6 1 mm). The span length, l, of the load-applying
...
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