C08.01 - Strength

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)  
3.2 These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in three-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.  
3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.  
3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6 in. by 1 in. by 1 in. (152 mm by 25 mm by 25 mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).  
3.5 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Test Method  
Sections    
Cold Crushing Strength  
4 to 8  
Modulus of Rupture  
9 to 13  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used to estimate the application temperature limits of a refractory mortar and will establish its classification.  
3.2 This test method will be regarded as a pass or fail test because the results are based on observations of whether the mortar flowed from the joints as a result of the heat treatment used.  
3.3 Results obtained by this test method will not agree with those obtained in service when heating is done from only one side.  
3.4 This test method is not applicable for testing nonaqueous mortars.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of refractoriness of all types of refractory mortar by heating a pier of brick laid up with the test mortar to learn whether the prescribed heat treatment causes the mortar to flow out of the joints.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The thermal expansion under load and the 20 to 50 h creep properties of a refractory are useful in characterizing the load-bearing capacity of a refractory that is uniformly heated. Directly applicable examples are blast furnace stoves and glass furnace checkers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the linear change of refractory specimens that are subjected to compressive stress while being heated and while being held at elevated temperatures.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to materials whose strength depends on pitch or carbonaceous bonds unless appropriate atmospheric control is used (see 7.3).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories at elevated temperatures has become a widely accepted means to evaluate materials at service temperatures. Many consumer companies have specifications based on this type of test.  
3.2 This test method is limited to furnaces operating under oxidizing conditions. However, with modifications for atmosphere control in other test furnaces, the major criteria of this test procedure may be employed without change.  
3.3 This test method is designed for progressive application of a force or stress on a specimen supported as a simple beam with center-point loading. Test apparatus designed for the progressive application of a strain may yield different results, especially since refractory materials will reach a semiplastic state at elevated temperatures where Hooke's law does not apply, that is, stress is then not proportional to strain.  
3.4 This test method applies to fired dense refractory brick and shapes, chemically bonded brick and shapes, shapes formed from castables, plastics, or ramming materials, and any other refractory that can be formed to the required specimen dimension.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or monolithic refractories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under action of a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Young’s modulus is a fundamental mechanical property of a material.  
4.2 This test method is used to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity of rectangular shapes. Since the test is nondestructive, specimens may be used for other tests as desired.  
4.3 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.  
4.4 The fundamental assumption inherent in this test method is that a Poisson’s ratio of 1/6 is typical for heterogeneous refractory materials. The actual Poisson's ratio may differ.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the resonance frequency in the flexural (transverse) mode of vibration of rectangular refractory brick or rectangularly shaped monoliths at room temperature. Young's modulus is calculated from the resonance frequency of the shape, its mass (weight), and dimensions.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Although the Hertz (Hz) is an SI unit, it is derived from seconds which is also an inch-pound unit.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is nondestructive and is commonly used for material characterization and development, design data generation, and quality control purposes. The test assumes that the properties of the specimen are perfectly isotropic, which may not be true for some refractory materials. The test also assumes that the specimen is homogeneous and elastic. Specimens that are micro-cracked are difficult to test since they do not yield consistent results. Specimens with low densities have a damping effect and are easily damaged locally at the impact point. Insulating bricks can generally be tested with this technique, but fibrous insulating materials are generally too weak and soft to test.  
4.2 For quality control use, the test method may be used for measuring only resonant frequencies of any standard size specimen. An elastic modulus calculation may not be needed or even feasible if the shape is nonstandard, such as a slide gate plate containing a hole. Since specimens will vary in both size and mass, acceptable frequencies for each shape and material must be established from statistical data.  
4.3 Dimensional variations can have a significant effect on modulus values calculated from the frequency measurements. Surface grinding may be required to bring some materials into the specified tolerance range.  
4.4 Since cylindrical shapes are not commonly made from refractory materials they are not covered by this test method, but are covered in Test Method C215.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the fundamental resonant frequencies for the purpose of calculating the dynamic Young’s modulus, the dynamic shear modulus (also known as the modulus of rigidity), and the dynamic Poisson’s ratio of refractory materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies, which are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable specimen can be measured. The dynamic Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration and the dynamic shear modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the torsional mode of vibration. Poisson’s ratio is computed from the dynamic Young’s modulus and the dynamic shear modulus.  
1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this method can also be performed at high temperatures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal expansion.  
1.3 The values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the sonic velocity and approximate Young's modulus of refractory shapes at room temperature. Since this test is nondestructive, specimens may be used for other tests as desired.  
5.2 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing quality and process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuring the sonic velocity in refractory materials at room temperature. The sonic velocity can be used to obtain an approximate value for Young's modulus.  
1.2 The sonic velocity may be measured through the length, thickness, and width of the specimen.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The data developed by this test method show the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of different qualities of air-setting mortar. The procedures described in this test method measure the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of air-setting mortars when used with specific brands or lots of refractory brick.  
3.2 Note that it is possible to obtain results with these methods for brick and mortar combinations which are incompatible for use at high operating temperatures. The user must determine this compatibility. Only brick and mortar combinations known or intended to be compatible for a particular use should be tested.  
3.3 Properties of the brick, including its strength, apparent porosity, and pore size distribution, can affect the measurement of both the bonding strength of the brick-mortar composite and the intrinsic strength of the mortar. The average modulus of rupture of the test brick, as determined by Test Methods C133, should exceed that expected for the mortar being tested. The testing of specific brands or lots of brick and mortar is preferred.  
3.4 Three modes of failure are available: the break may occur within the brick itself, at the brick-mortar interface, or within the mortar itself. The latter provides a practical measurement of the strength of the mortar itself and is the predominant mode of failure with the four-point flexure test described. The three-point flexure test measures the failure strength of the brick-mortar composite. Failure within the brick itself suggests that either the particular brick contained a serious flaw, or that the mortar joint strength is of the same magnitude or greater than that of the refractory brick. The mode of failure should always be reported in the final report.  
3.5 A ruggedness test for this test method3 performed in 1985 found the following variables to be rugged: specimen size (2.5 to 3.0 in.), mortared surface (cut versus uncut), joint thickness (1/16 to 1/8 in.), pulling of rods (fast versu...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bonding strength of air-setting refractory mortar by determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of oven-dried brick-mortar joints.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures has become accepted as a useful measurement in quality control testing and in research and development. These measurements are also used to determine the suitability of particular products for various applications and to develop specifications. The sample may undergo some oxidation during the test.  
3.2 In 1988, ruggedness testing was conducted on this test procedure. The following variables were studied:  
3.2.1 Testing temperature (2525 (1385) versus 2575 °F (1413 °C)),  
3.2.2 Air atmosphere versus argon atmosphere in the furnace,  
3.2.3 Hold time prior to breaking the sample (12 versus 18 min), and  
3.2.4 Loading rate on the sample (175 (778) versus 350 lb/min (1556 N/min)).  
3.3 Resin-bonded magnesia-carbon brick containing approximately 17 % carbon after coking were tested in two separate ruggedness tests. Metal-free brick were tested in the first ruggedness test, while aluminum-containing brick were tested in the second. Results were analyzed at a 95 % confidence level.  
3.4 For the metal-free brick, the presence of an argon atmosphere and hold time had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550 °F (1400 °C). The argon atmosphere yielded a lower modulus of rupture. The samples tested in air had a well-sintered decarburized zone on the exterior surfaces, possibly explaining the higher moduli of rupture. The longer hold time caused a lower result for the metal-free brick.  
3.5 For the aluminum-containing brick, testing temperature, the presence of an argon atmosphere, and loading rate had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550 °F (1400 °C). The higher testing temperature increased the measured result, the presence of an argon atmosphere lowered the result, and the higher loading rate increased the result.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures in air.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units and degrees Fahrenheit are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature, and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at a sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The thermal expansion under load and the 20 to 50 h creep properties of a refractory are useful in characterizing the load-bearing capacity of a refractory that is uniformly heated. Directly applicable examples are blast furnace stoves and glass furnace checkers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the linear change of refractory specimens that are subjected to compressive stress while being heated and while being held at elevated temperatures.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to materials whose strength depends on pitch or carbonaceous bonds unless appropriate atmospheric control is used (see 7.3).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)  
3.2 These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in three-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.  
3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.  
3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6 by 1 by 1-in. (152 by 25 by 25-mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).  
3.5 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Test Method  
Sections    
Cold Crushing Strength  
4 to 9    
Modulus of Rupture  
10 to 15  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used to estimate the application temperature limits of a refractory mortar and will establish its classification.  
3.2 This test method will be regarded as a pass or fail test because the results are based on observations of whether the mortar flowed from the joints as a result of the heat treatment used.  
3.3 Results obtained by this test method will not agree with those obtained in service when heating is done from only one side.  
3.4 This test method is not applicable for testing nonaqueous mortars.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of refractoriness of all types of refractory mortar by heating a pier of brick laid up with the test mortar to learn whether the prescribed heat treatment causes the mortar to flow out of the joints.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories at elevated temperatures has become a widely accepted means to evaluate materials at service temperatures. Many consumer companies have specifications based on this type of test.  
3.2 This test method is limited to furnaces operating under oxidizing conditions. However, with modifications for atmosphere control in other test furnaces, the major criteria of this test procedure may be employed without change.  
3.3 This test method is designed for progressive application of a force or stress on a specimen supported as a simple beam with center-point loading. Test apparatus designed for the progressive application of a strain may yield different results, especially since refractory materials will reach a semiplastic state at elevated temperatures where Hooke's law does not apply, that is, stress is then not proportional to strain.  
3.4 This test method applies to fired dense refractory brick and shapes, chemically bonded brick and shapes, shapes formed from castables, plastics, or ramming materials, and any other refractory that can be formed to the required specimen dimension.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or monolithic refractories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under action of a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)  
3.2 These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.  
3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application, may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.  
3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller, cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6- by 1- by 1-in. (152- by 25- by 25-mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).  
3.5 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Test Method  
Sections    
Cold Crushing Strength  
4 to 9    
Modulus of Rupture  
10 to 15  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The thermal expansion under load and the 20 to 50 h creep properties of a refractory are useful in characterizing the load bearing capacity of a refractory that is uniformly heated. Directly applicable examples are blast furnace stoves and glass furnace checkers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the linear change of refractory specimens that are subjected to compressive stress while being heated and while being held at elevated temperatures.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to materials whose strength depends on pitch or carbonaceous bonds unless appropriate atmospheric control is used (see 7.3).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the sonic velocity and approximate Young's modulus of refractory shapes at room temperature. Since this test is nondestructive, specimens may be used for other tests as desired.  
5.2 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing quality and process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuring the sonic velocity in refractory materials at room temperature. The sonic velocity can be used to obtain an approximate value for Young's modulus.  
1.2 The sonic velocity may be measured through the length, thickness, and width of the specimen.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The data developed by this test method show the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of different qualities of air-setting mortar. The procedures described in this test method measure the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of air-setting mortars when used with specific brands or lots of refractory brick.  
3.2 Note that it is possible to obtain results with these methods for brick and mortar combinations which are incompatible for use at high operating temperatures. The user must determine this compatibility. Only brick and mortar combinations known or intended to be compatible for a particular use should be tested.  
3.3 Properties of the brick, including its strength, apparent porosity, and pore size distribution, can affect the measurement of both the bonding strength of the brick-mortar composite and the intrinsic strength of the mortar. The average modulus of rupture of the test brick, as determined by Test Method C133, should exceed that expected for the mortar being tested. The testing of specific brands or lots of brick and mortar is preferred.  
3.4 Three modes of failure are available: the break may occur within the brick itself, at the brick-mortar interface, or within the mortar itself. The latter provides a practical measurement of the strength of the mortar itself and is the predominant mode of failure with the four-point flexure test described. The three-point flexure test measures the failure strength of the brick-mortar composite. Failure within the brick itself suggests that either the particular brick contained a serious flaw, or that the mortar joint strength is of the same magnitude or greater than that of the refractory brick. The mode of failure should always be reported in the final report.  
3.5 A ruggedness test for this test method3 performed in 1985 found the following variables to be rugged: specimen size (2.5 to 3.0 in.), mortared surface (cut versus uncut), joint thickness (1/16 to 1/8 in.), pulling of rods (fast versus...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bonding strength of air-setting refractory mortar by determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of oven-dried brick-mortar joints.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures has become accepted as a useful measurement in quality control testing and in research and development. These measurements are also used to determine the suitability of particular products for various applications and to develop specifications. The sample may undergo some oxidation during the test.  
3.2 In 1988, ruggedness testing was conducted on this test procedure. The following variables were studied:  
3.2.1 Testing temperature (2525 (1385) versus 2575°F (1413°C)),  
3.2.2 Air atmosphere versus argon atmosphere in the furnace,  
3.2.3 Hold time prior to breaking the sample (12 versus 18 min), and  
3.2.4 Loading rate on the sample (175 (778) versus 350 lb/min (1556 N/min)).  
3.3 Resin bonded magnesia-carbon brick containing approximately 17 % carbon after coking where tested in two separate ruggedness tests. Metal-free brick were tested in the first ruggedness test, while aluminum-containing brick were tested in the second. Results were analyzed at a 95 % confidence level.  
3.4 For the metal-free brick, the presence of an argon atmosphere and hold time had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550°F (1400°C). The argon atmosphere yielded a lower modulus of rupture. The samples tested in air had a well-sintered decarburized zone on the exterior surfaces, possibly explaining the higher moduli of rupture. The longer hold time caused a lower result for the metal-free brick.  
3.5 For the aluminum-containing brick, testing temperature, the presence of an argon atmosphere, and loading rate had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550°F (1400°C). The higher testing temperature increased the measured result, the presence of an argon atmosphere lowered the result, and the higher loading rate increased the result.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures in air.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units and degrees Fahrenheit are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is non-destructive and is commonly used for material characterization and development, design data generation, and quality control purposes. The test assumes that the properties of the specimen are perfectly isotropic, which may not be true for some refractory materials. The test also assumes that the specimen is homogeneous and elastic. Specimens that are micro-cracked are difficult to test since they do not yield consistent results. Specimens with low densities have a damping effect and are easily damaged locally at the impact point. Insulating bricks can generally be tested with this technique, but fibrous insulating materials are generally too weak and soft to test.
For quality control use, the test method may be used for measuring only resonant frequencies of any standard size specimen. An elastic modulus calculation may not be needed or even feasible if the shape is non-standard, such as a slide gate plate containing a hole. Since specimens will vary in both size and mass, acceptable frequencies for each shape and material must be established from statistical data.
Dimensional variations can have a significant effect on modulus values calculated from the frequency measurements. Surface grinding may be required to bring some materials into the specified tolerance range.  
Since cylindrical shapes are not commonly made from refractory materials they are not covered by this test method, but are covered in Test Method C215.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the fundamental resonant frequencies for the purpose of calculating the dynamic Young's modulus, the dynamic shear modulus (also known as the modulus of rigidity), and the dynamic Poisson's ratio of refractory materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies, which are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable specimen can be measured. The dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration and the dynamic shear modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the torsional mode of vibration. Poisson's ratio is computed from the dynamic Young's modulus and the dynamic shear modulus.  
1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this method can also be performed at high temperatures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal expansion.
1.3 The values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Young's modulus is a fundamental mechanical property of a material.  
This test method is used to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity of rectangular shapes. Since the test is nondestructive, specimens may be used for other tests as desired.  
This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.  
The fundamental assumption inherent in this test method is that a Poisson's ratio of 1/6 is typical for heterogeneous refractory materials. The actual Poisson's ratio may differ.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the resonance frequency in the flexural (transverse) mode of vibration of rectangular refractory brick or rectangularly shaped monoliths at room temperature. Young's modulus is calculated from the resonance frequency of the shape, its mass (weight) and dimensions.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Although the Hertz (Hz) is an SI unit, it is derived from seconds which is also an inch-pound unit.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to estimate the application temperature limits of a refractory mortar and will establish its classification.  
This test method will be regarded as a pass or fail test because the results are based on observations of whether the mortar flowed from the joints as a result of the heat treatment used.  
Results obtained by this test method will not agree with those obtained in service when heating is done from only one side.  
This test method is not applicable for testing nonaqueous mortars.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of refractoriness of all types of refractory mortar by heating a pier of brick laid up with the test mortar to learn whether the prescribed heat treatment causes the mortar to flow out of the joints.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal expansion under load and the 20 to 50 h creep properties of a refractory are useful in characterizing the load bearing capacity of a refractory that is uniformly heated. Directly applicable examples are blast furnace stoves and glass furnace checkers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the linear change of refractory specimens that are subjected to compressive stress while being heated and while being held at elevated temperatures.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to materials whose strength depends on pitch or carbonaceous bonds unless appropriate atmospheric control is used (see 7.3).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories at elevated temperatures has become a widely accepted means to evaluate materials at service temperatures. Many consumer companies have specifications based on this type of test.  
This test method is limited to furnaces operating under oxidizing conditions. However, with modifications for atmosphere control in other test furnaces, the major criteria of this test procedure may be employed without change.  
This test method is designed for progressive application of a force or stress on a specimen supported as a simple beam with center-point loading. Test apparatus designed for the progressive application of a strain may yield different results, especially since refractory materials will reach a semiplastic state at elevated temperatures where Hooke's law does not apply, that is, stress is then not proportional to strain.  
This test method applies to fired dense refractory brick and shapes, chemically bonded brick and shapes, shapes formed from castables, plastics, or ramming materials, and any other refractory that can be formed to the required specimen dimension.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or monolithic refractories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under action of a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The data developed by this test method show the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of different qualities of air-setting mortar. The procedures described in this test method measure the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of air-setting mortars when used with specific brands or lots of refractory brick.
Note that it is possible to obtain results with these methods for brick and mortar combinations which are incompatible for use at high operating temperatures. The user must determine this compatibility. Only brick and mortar combinations known or intended to be compatible for a particular use should be tested.
Properties of the brick, including its strength, apparent porosity, and pore size distribution, can affect the measurement of both the bonding strength of the brick-mortar composite and the intrinsic strength of the mortar. The average modulus of rupture of the test brick, as determined by Test Method C133, should exceed that expected for the mortar being tested. The testing of specific brands or lots of brick and mortar is preferred.
Three modes of failure are available: the break may occur within the brick itself, at the brick-mortar interface, or within the mortar itself. The latter provides a practical measurement of the strength of the mortar itself and is the predominant mode of failure with the four-point flexure test described. The three-point flexure test measures the failure strength of the brick-mortar composite. Failure within the brick itself suggests that either the particular brick contained a serious flaw, or that the mortar joint strength is of the same magnitude or greater than that of the refractory brick. The mode of failure should always be reported in the final report.
A ruggedness test for this test method performed in 1985 found the following variables to be rugged: specimen size (2.5 to 3.0 in.), mortared surface (cut versus uncut), joint thickness (1/16 to 1/8 in.), pulling of rods (fast versus slow), the loading rate ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bonding strength of air-setting refractory mortar by determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of oven-dried brick-mortar joints.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories at elevated temperatures has become a widely accepted means to evaluate materials at service temperatures. Many consumer companies have specifications based on this type of test.  
This test method is limited to furnaces operating under oxidizing conditions. However, with modifications for atmosphere control in other test furnaces, the major criteria of this test procedure may be employed without change.  
This test method is designed for progressive application of a force or stress on a specimen supported as a simple beam with center-point loading. Test apparatus designed for the progressive application of a strain may yield different results, especially since refractory materials will reach a semiplastic state at elevated temperatures where Hooke's law does not apply, that is, stress is then not proportional to strain.  
This test method applies to fired dense refractory brick and shapes, chemically bonded brick and shapes, shapes formed from castables, plastics, or ramming materials, and any other refractory that can be formed to the required specimen dimension.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or monolithic refractories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under action of a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to determine the sonic velocity and approximate Young's modulus of refractory shapes at room temperature. Since this test is nondestructive, specimens may be used for other tests as desired.
This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing quality and process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuring the sonic velocity in refractory materials at room temperature. The sonic velocity can be used to obtain an approximate value for Young's modulus.
1.2 The sonic velocity may be measured through the length, thickness, and width of the specimen.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The data developed by this test method show the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of different qualities of air-setting mortar. The procedures described in this test method measure the bonding strength and intrinsic strength of air-setting mortars when used with specific brands or lots of refractory brick.
Note that it is possible to obtain results with these methods for brick and mortar combinations which are incompatible for use at high operating temperatures. The user must determine this compatibility. Only brick and mortar combinations known or intended to be compatible for a particular use should be tested.
Properties of the brick, including its strength, apparent porosity, and pore size distribution, can affect the measurement of both the bonding strength of the brick-mortar composite and the intrinsic strength of the mortar. The average modulus of rupture of the test brick, as determined by Test Method C 133, should exceed that expected for the mortar being tested. The testing of specific brands or lots of brick and mortar is preferred.
Three modes of failure are available: the break may occur within the brick itself, at the brick-mortar interface, or within the mortar itself. The latter provides a practical measurement of the strength of the mortar itself and is the predominant mode of failure with the four-point flexure test described. The three-point flexure test measures the failure strength of the brick-mortar composite. Failure within the brick itself suggests that either the particular brick contained a serious flaw, or that the mortar joint strength is of the same magnitude or greater than that of the refractory brick. The mode of failure should always be reported in the final report.
A ruggedness test for this test method performed in 1985 found the following variables to be rugged: specimen size (2.5 to 3.0 in.), mortared surface (cut versus uncut), joint thickness (1/16 to 1/8 in.), pulling of rods (fast versus slow), the loading rate...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bonding strength of air-setting refractory mortar by determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of oven-dried brick-mortar joints.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)
These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.
Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application, may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.
The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller, cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6- by 1- by 1-in. (152- by 25- by 25-mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).
This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:
  Test Method Sections    Cold Crushing Strength 4 to 9   Modulus of Rupture 10 to 15  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)
These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.
Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application, may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.
The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller, cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6- by 1- by 1-in. (152- by 25- by 25-mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).
This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:
  Test Method Sections    Cold Crushing Strength 4 to 9   Modulus of Rupture 10 to 15  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is non-destructive and is commonly used for material characterization and development, design data generation, and quality control purposes. The test assumes that the properties of the specimen are perfectly isotropic, which may not be true for some refractory materials. The test also assumes that the specimen is homogeneous and elastic. Specimens that are micro-cracked are difficult to test since they do not yield consistent results. Specimens with low densities have a damping effect and are easily damaged locally at the impact point. Insulating bricks can generally be tested with this technique, but fibrous insulating materials are generally too weak and soft to test.
For quality control use, the test method may be used for measuring only resonant frequencies of any standard size specimen. An elastic modulus calculation may not be needed or even feasible if the shape is non-standard, such as a slide gate plate containing a hole. Since specimens will vary in both size and mass, acceptable frequencies for each shape and material must be established from statistical data.
Dimensional variations can have a significant effect on modulus values calculated from the frequency measurements. Surface grinding may be required to bring some materials into the specified tolerance range.  
Since cylindrical shapes are not commonly made from refractory materials they are not covered by this test method, but are covered in Test Method C 215.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the fundamental resonant frequencies for the purpose of calculating the dynamic Young's modulus, the dynamic shear modulus (also known as the modulus of rigidity), and the dynamic Poisson's ratio of refractory materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies, which are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable specimen can be measured. The dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration and the dynamic shear modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the torsional mode of vibration. Poisson's ratio is computed from the dynamic Young's modulus and the dynamic shear modulus.
1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this method can also be performed at high temperatures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal expansion.
1.3 The values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures has become accepted as a useful measurement in quality control testing and in research and development. These measurements are also used to determine the suitability of particular products for various applications and to develop specifications. The sample may undergo some oxidation during the test.
In 1988, ruggedness testing was conducted on this test procedure. The following variables were studied:
3.2.1 Testing temperature (2525 (1385) versus 2575°F (1413°C)),
3.2.2 Air atmosphere versus argon atmosphere in the furnace,
3.2.3 Hold time prior to breaking the sample (12 versus 18 min), and
3.2.4 Loading rate on the sample (175 (778) versus 350 lb/min (1556 N/min)).
Resin bonded magnesia-carbon brick containing approximately 17 % carbon after coking where tested in two separate ruggedness tests. Metal-free brick were tested in the first ruggedness test, while aluminum-containing brick were tested in the second. Results were analyzed at a 95 % confidence level.
For the metal-free brick, the presence of an argon atmosphere and hold time had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550°F (1400°C). The argon atmosphere yielded a lower modulus of rupture. The samples tested in air had a well-sintered decarburized zone on the exterior surfaces, possibly explaining the higher moduli of rupture. The longer hold time caused a lower result for the metal-free brick.
For the aluminum-containing brick, testing temperature, the presence of an argon atmosphere, and loading rate had statistically significant effects on the modulus of rupture at 2550°F (1400°C). The higher testing temperature increased the measured result, the presence of an argon atmosphere lowered the result, and the higher loading rate increased the result.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of carbon-containing refractories at elevated temperatures in air.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units and degrees Fahrenheit are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Young's modulus is a fundamental mechanical property of a material.  
This test method is used to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity of rectangular shapes. Since the test is nondestructive, specimens may be used for other tests as desired.  
This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.  
The fundamental assumption inherent in this test method is that a Poisson's ratio of 1/6 is typical for heterogeneous refractory materials. The actual Poisson's ratio may differ.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the resonance frequency in the flexural (transverse) mode of vibration of rectangular refractory brick or rectangularly shaped monoliths at room temperature. Young's modulus is calculated from the resonance frequency of the shape, its mass (weight) and dimensions.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Although the Hertz (Hz) is an SI unit, it is derived from seconds which is also an inch-pound unit.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Young’modulus is a fundamental mechanical property of a material.  
This test method is used to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity of rectangular shapes. Since the test is nondestructive, specimens may be used for other tests as desired.  
This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.  
The fundamental assumption inherent in this test method is that a Poisson’ratio of 1/6 is typical for heterogeneous refractory materials. The actual Poisson’ratio may differ.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the resonance frequency in the flexural (transverse) mode of vibration of rectangular refractory brick or rectangularly shaped monoliths at room temperature. Young's modulus is calculated from the resonance frequency of the shape, its mass (weight) and dimensions.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to estimate the application temperature limits of a refractory mortar and will establish its classification.  
This test method will be regarded as a pass or fail test because the results are based on observations of whether the mortar flowed from the joints as a result of the heat treatment used.  
Results obtained by this test method will not agree with those obtained in service when heating is done from only one side.  
This test method is not applicable for testing nonaqueous mortars.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of refractoriness of all types of refractory mortar by heating a pier of brick laid up with the test mortar to learn whether the prescribed heat treatment causes the mortar to flow out of the joints.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal expansion under load and the 20 to 50 h creep properties of a refractory are useful in characterizing the load bearing capacity of a refractory that is uniformly heated. Directly applicable examples are blast furnace stoves and glass furnace checkers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the linear change of refractory specimens that are subjected to compressive stress while being heated and while being held at elevated temperatures.
1.2 This test method does not apply to materials whose strength depends on pitch or carbonaceous bonds unless appropriate atmospheric control is used (see 7.3).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories at elevated temperatures has become a widely accepted means to evaluate materials at service temperatures. Many consumer companies have specifications based on this type of test.  
This test method is limited to furnaces operating under oxidizing conditions. However, with modifications for atmosphere control in other test furnaces, the major criteria of this test procedure may be employed without change.  
This test method is designed for progressive application of a force or stress on a specimen supported as a simple beam with center-point loading. Test apparatus designed for the progressive application of a strain may yield different results, especially since refractory materials will reach a semiplastic state at elevated temperatures where Hooke’law does not apply, that is, stress is then not proportional to strain.  
This test method applies to fired dense refractory brick and shapes, chemically bonded brick and shapes, shapes formed from castables, plastics, or ramming materials, and any other refractory that can be formed to the required specimen dimension.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or monolithic refractories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under action of a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The ability of a refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.  
This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)
These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.
Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application, may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.
The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller, cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6- by 1- by 1-in. (152- by 25- by 25-mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).
This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:Test Method Sections Cold Crushing Strength4 to 9 Modulus of Rupture10 to 15
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bonding strength of air-setting refractory mortar by determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) at room temperature of oven-dried brick-mortar joints.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in SI units are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the fundamental resonant frequencies for the purpose of calculating the dynamic Young's modulus, the dynamic shear modulus (also known as the modulus of rigidity), and the dynamic Poisson's ratio of refractory materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies, which are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable specimen can be measured. The dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration and the dynamic shear modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the torsional mode of vibration. Poisson's ratio is computed from the dynamic Young's modulus and the dynamic shear modulus.
1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this method can also be performed at high temperatures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal expansion.
1.3 The values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or monolithic refractories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under action of a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the linear change of refractory specimens that are subjected to compressive stress while being heated and while being held at elevated temperatures.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to materials whose strength depends on pitch or carbonaceous bonds unless appropriate atmospheric control is used (see 7.3).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.