ASTM D4337-89(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Linear Detergent Alkylates
Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Linear Detergent Alkylates
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are suitable for setting specifications on linear detergent alkylates and for quality control where these alkylates are manufactured or are used in a manufacturing process.
The gas chromatography test is useful in identifying linear detergent alkylates produced by the various manufacturing processes and for determining the applicability of a linear detergent alkylate to a particular end use. Test conditions have been optimized for resolution of the C-9 to C-15 linear detergent alkylates and the presence of higher or lower chain lengths will be readily apparent but may produce erroneous results. The tetralin structures have not been sufficiently identified to allow determination of tetralins, and small unidentified components are reported as tetralins and unidentifieds.
Some linear detergent alkylates use a manufacturing process with an organic chloride as a precursor. This test may be used to ensure that the chloride content of the alkylate is not excessive for a particular end use.
The platinum-cobalt color test is useful in determining that the color of the linear detergent alkylate will not contribute to the color of the end use product.
The refractive index and specific gravity tests are possible aids in the identification of linear detergent alkylates and in evaluating alkylates for gross contaminants.
The water test is suitable for determining that linear detergent alkylates do not contain amounts of water deleterious to further processing.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover chemical and physical tests applicable to linear detergent alkylates, evaluating those properties which characterize linear detergent alkylates with respect to its suitability for desired uses.
Note 1—Linear detergent alkylates comprises linear alkylbenzenes prepared by varying processes of varying linear alkyl chain length. The alkylate is sulfonated for surfactant use, the largest application being in detergent products. Careful control of linear detergent alkylate characteristics is desired; during sulfonation, variations of the sulfonate can occur that may result in either desirable or undesirable end-use properties.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4337 − 89 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Methods for
Analysis of Linear Detergent Alkylates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4337; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope EngineCoolantConcentratesandEngineCoolantsByThe
Hydrometer
1.1 These test methods cover chemical and physical tests
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
applicable to linear detergent alkylates, evaluating those prop-
D1209Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-
ertieswhichcharacterizelineardetergentalkylateswithrespect
Cobalt Scale)
to its suitability for desired uses.
D1218Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
NOTE 1—Linear detergent alkylates comprises linear alkylbenzenes
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
prepared by varying processes of varying linear alkyl chain length. The
D1364Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl
alkylate is sulfonated for surfactant use, the largest application being in
Fischer Reagent Titration Method)
detergent products. Careful control of linear detergent alkylate character-
istics is desired; during sulfonation, variations of the sulfonate can occur E180Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
that may result in either desirable or undesirable end-use properties.
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
1.2 The test methods appear as follows:
Section
Composition by Gas Chromatography 7–15
3. Significance and Use
Chlorides 16–27
Color 28–30
3.1 Thesetestmethodsaresuitableforsettingspecifications
Refractive Index 31–33
on linear detergent alkylates and for quality control where
Specific Gravity 34–36
these alkylates are manufactured or are used in a manufactur-
Water 37–39
ing process.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 The gas chromatography test is useful in identifying
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
linear detergent alkylates produced by the various manufactur-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ing processes and for determining the applicability of a linear
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety
detergent alkylate to a particular end use. Test conditions have
Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review
been optimized for resolution of the C-9 to C-15 linear
them for hazards prior to usage. See also Note 1 and Section
detergent alkylates and the presence of higher or lower chain
21.
lengths will be readily apparent but may produce erroneous
results. The tetralin structures have not been sufficiently
2. Referenced Documents
identifiedtoallowdeterminationoftetralins,andsmalluniden-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tified components are reported as tetralins and unidentifieds.
D270Methods of Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-
3.3 Some linear detergent alkylates use a manufacturing
ucts (Withdrawn 1984)
process with an organic chloride as a precursor. This test may
D1122Test Method for Density or Relative Density of
beusedtoensurethatthechloridecontentofthealkylateisnot
excessive for a particular end use.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on
3.4 The platinum-cobalt color test is useful in determining
Soaps and Other Detergents and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
thatthecolorofthelineardetergentalkylatewillnotcontribute
D12.12 on Analysis and Specifications of Soaps, Synthetics, Detergents and their
Components. to the color of the end use product.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published March 2010. Originally
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4337–89(2003). 3.5 The refractive index and specific gravity tests are
DOI: 10.1520/D4337-89R09.
possible aids in the identification of linear detergent alkylates
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and in evaluating alkylates for gross contaminants.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3.6 The water test is suitable for determining that linear
the ASTM website.
detergentalkylatesdonotcontainamountsofwaterdeleterious
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. to further processing.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4337 − 89 (2009)
FIG. 1 Typical Gas Chromatic Scan of an Alkylate
4. Purity of Reagents covered in this test method will require a different set of
operating conditions. If water, extremely high boiling
4.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
components, or unusual impurities are present in the linear
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
detergent alkylate, this test would not necessarily detect them
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
4 and may produce erroneous results.
teeonAnalyticalReagentsoftheAmericanChemicalSociety,
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
8. Summary of Test Method
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
8.1 Asample is injected by means of a microsyringe into a
accuracy of the determination.
vaporizationchamberofagaschromatograph.Astreamsplitter
allows the majority of the sample to be vented into the
4.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be
atmosphere through a valve that is incorporated in the vapor-
understoodtomeanTypeIIIwaterconformingtoSpecification
izationchamber.Asmallportionofthesampleisthensweptby
D1193.
thecarriergasintoacapillarycolumnthathasbeencoatedwith
5. Precautions
a thin layer of the stationary phase. A hydrogen flame ioniza-
tion detector provides a very sensitive means of detecting the
5.1 Consult the latest OSHA regulations regarding all re-
extremelysmallconcentrationsofseparatedvaporcomponents
agents and materials used in these test methods.
as they elute from the column. An electrometer-amplifier
6. Sampling converts the detector signal into a suitable signal that can be
recorded on a standard strip-chart recorder and integrated by a
6.1 Unless otherwise indicated in a specific test method,
suitable integration device. The concentrations of the compo-
sample the material in accordance with Method D270, with
nents are obtained by normalizing the integrated areas, based
special application of Sections 41 and 42 pertaining to indus-
ontheassumptionthatallcomponentsofthemixtureareeluted
trial aromatic hydrocarbons, Section 12 pertaining to Bottle or
under the conditions used.
Beaker Sampling, and Section 15 pertaining to Tap Sampling.
Samples must be taken and stored in amber, screw-cap, glass
9. Apparatus
bottles to protect them from light.
9.1 Gas Chromatograph, with the following characteristics:
COMPOSITION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
9.1.1 Sample Injection Port,operableat250°Candcontain-
ing a stream splitter capable of linearly splitting sample
7. Scope
injections up to 1000 to 1.
7.1 The gas chromatography test was developed to allow
9.1.2 Column Oven, capable of temperature programming
determination of C-9 through C-15 linear detergent alkylate
from 120 to 165°C at a rate of 1 or 2°C per min.
isomer distribution before sulfonation. The analyses of stocks
9.1.3 Flame Ionization Detector, capable of operating at
having a chain length distribution above or below the interval
300°C.
9.2 Recorder, 0 to 1 mv range with 0.1 second full scale
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
deflection.
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
9.3 Integration Device, capable of accurately measuring
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
areas of up to 250 components.
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD.
9.4 Column, 150 ft (45.7 m) by 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) inside
Available from Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 1825 K
Street, Washington, DC 20006. diameter stainless steel wall; open tubular capillary column
D4337 − 89 (2009)
coated with phenyl methyl silicone DC-550 or other column 1 min after the injection of the sample, but it must always be
that will perform required separation as indicated in Fig. 1. closed at exactly the same time after injection.
9.5 Syringe, 10-µL capacity with fixed 2-in. (5.1 cm) 12.5 Compare the sample chromatogram with the standard
needle. chromatogram (Fig. 1) and from the retention times of the
components identify all straight chain alkyl benzene isomers.
10. Reagents
Label all peaks whose identity has been established. Many
unidentified minor peaks will appear as minor constituents of
10.1 Carrier Gas, high-purity nitrogen.
the sample and may be attributed to tetralin structures. Include
10.2 Hydrogen, 99.996 mol% pure.
these peaks in the calculations and report in a pooled percent-
10.3 Compressed Air.
age as tetralins and unknowns.
11. Calibration
13. Calculations
11.1 Nocalibrationorcorrectionfactorsarenecessaryasthe
13.1 Calculate the percentage for each component by divid-
responseoftheflameionizationdetectorisessentiallyconstant
ing the area of each component by the total area of all
for aromatic hydrocarbons. The individual peak area percent-
components and multiplying by 100.
ages may be regarded as the actual weight percent in the
13.2 Calculate the total 2-phenyl isomer by summing to-
sample.
gether the 2-phenyl isomers for all chain lengths.
12. Procedure
13.3 Calculate the chain length distribution by summing
together all percentages for the identified linear alkyl benzene
12.1 Adjust the chromatograph to the following conditions:
isomers of each chain length.
Column temperature, °C (Note 2) 120 programmed to 160 at 1 to 2°C
per min
13.4 Calculate lights (components eluting before C alkyl
Injection port temperature, °C 250
benzene) by summing together the percentages of all the
Detector temperature, °C 300
Carrier gas pressure, lbf 60 components eluting before 5-phenyldecane.
Sample size (Note 3), µL 0.5to1
13.5 Calculate heavies (components eluting after C alkyl
Chart speed, cm/min 1
Hydrogen flow (Note 4), mL/min 30
benzene) by summing together all the percentages of the
Air flow (Note 4), mL/min 240
components eluting after 2-phenyltetradecane.
Range X1
Attenuator setting X4
13.6 Calculatetetralinsandunknownsbysummingtogether
Splitter (Note 3) 1000/1
the percentages of all unidentified peaks eluting between the
NOTE 2—These conditions should give adequate separation. It may be
5-phenyldecane peak and the 2-phenyltetradecane peak.
necessarytoadjustconditionsslightlytomeettheseparationcriteriaofthe
13.7 Determine the average molecular weight by assuming
sample chromatogram (Fig. 1), depending upon the performance of the
capillary column.
the tetralins and unknowns to have a molecular weight of 244.
NOTE 3—Sample size and splitter ratio should be adjusted to obtain a
Theaveragemolecularweightiscalculatedtothethirddecimal
peak height of 10 to 15 mV for the largest components.
place using the following equation:
NOTE 4—Hydrogen and air flows should be adjusted to give maximum
detector sensitivity. See instructions in instrument instruction manual.
Averagemolecularweight 5 100 2 lights (1)
@ ~
12.2 When a new column is installed, leak-test the plumb-
1heavies!/@~ C isomers/218!
( 10
ing connections by applying the operating carrier gas pressure.
The air and hydrogen connections to the detector should be
1~ C isomers/232!1~ C isomers/246!
( 11 ( 12
leak tested periodically. In particular, the hydrogen supply
should be leak-tested at the cylinder each time the cylinder is
1~ C isomers/260!1~ C isomers/274!
13 14
( (
changed, due to the hazardous nature of hydrogen gas.
1 ~ tetralins1unknowns/244!#
12.3 Wet and rinse the syringe with the sample and draw an
(
excessofliquidintothesyringebarrel.Exercisecautionthatall
14. Report
air bubbles are excluded from the liquid in the syringe.
Carefully depress the plunger until the exact amount of liquid
14.1 Report the components and average molecular weight
desired is contained in the syringe.
as specified in Table 1. Duplicate runs that agree within the
checking limits shown in Table 1 are acceptable for averaging
12.4 Open the split valve and quickly pierce the septum,
(95% confidence level).
thrusting the needle of the syringe completely into the inlet. In
the same motion quickly and completely depress the plunger.
15. Precision and Bias
Immediately withdraw the syringe and start the column oven
temperature program sequence. The split valve may be closed 15.1 The following criteria should be used for judging the
acceptability of results:
15.1.1 Repeatability (Single Analyst)— The standard devia-
Capillary column, Part 009-0354, available from Perkin-Elmer Corporation,
tionofresults(eachtheaverageofduplicates),obtainedbythe
Norwalk, CT, has been found satisfactory.
same analyst on different days, has been estimated to be the
Microsyringe No. 701, available from Hamilton Co., P. O. Box 307, Whittier,
CA, has been found satisfactory. value shown in Table 1 with the indicated degrees of freedom.
D4337 − 89 (2009)
TABLE 1 Composition by Gas Chromatography Precision Values
Repeatability Reproducibility
Level, Report To, Checking
95 % Confi- 95 % Confi-
Component
Standard Degrees of Standard Degrees of
Area % Area % Limits
dence dence
Deviation Freedom Deviation Freedom
Interval Interval
Lights 0–1 0.01 0.14 0.053 46 0.15 0.099 7 0.33
Total C-10 Isomers 0–1 0.01 0.08 0.021 13 0.06 0.138 6 0.44
5–30 0.1 0.8 0.27 26 0.8 0.37 6 1.3
Total C-11 Isomers 0–3 0.1 0.3 0.07 13 0.2 0.26 6 0.9
20–40 0.1 1.9 0.65 27 1.9 1.05 6 3.6
Total C-12 Isomers 10–45 0.1 1.3 0.34 40 1.0 0.84 6 2.9
Total C-13 Isomers 0–15 0.1 1.1 0.26 26 0.8 0.72 6 2.5
40–60 0.1 2.3 0.40 14 1.2 1.60 6 5.5
Total C-14 Isomers 0–2 0.1 0.2 0.06 19 0.2 0.38 5 1.4
4–7 0.1 0.5 0.20 6 0.7 0.50 5 1.8
20–35 0.1 1.1 0.21 12 0.6 0.76 5 2.7
Eluting After C-14 0–3 0.01 0.44 0.16 34 0.46 0.52 5 1.88
Total 2-Phenyl Isomer 10–30 0.1 1.2 0.35 47 1.0 0.54 7 1.8
A A A A A A A
Average Molecular Weight 230–265 0.1 0.9 0.25 38 0.7 0.45 51.6
A
Un
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.