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ASTM E1525-02(2023)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments

Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Contaminated sediments may affect natural populations of aquatic organisms adversely. Sediment-dwelling organisms may be exposed directly to contaminants by the ingestion of sediments and by the uptake of sediment-associated contaminants from interstitial and overlying water. Contaminated sediments may affect water column species directly by serving as a source of contaminants to overlying waters or a sink for contaminants from overlying waters. Organisms may also be affected when contaminated sediments are suspended in the water column by natural or human activities. Water column species and nonaquatic species may also be affected indirectly by contaminated sediments by the transfer of contaminants through ecosystems (7, 8).  
6.2 The procedures described in this guide may be used and adapted for incorporation in basic and applied research to determine the ecological effects of contaminated sediments. These same methods may also be used in the development and implementation of monitoring and regulatory programs designed to prevent and manage sediment contamination.  
6.3 Sediment tests with aquatic organisms can be used to quantify the acute and chronic toxicity and the bioavailability of new and presently used materials. Sediment toxicity may also result from environmental processes such as ammonia generation, pH shifts, or dissolved oxygen fluctuation. In many cases, consideration of the adverse effects of sediment-associated contaminants is only one part of a complete hazard assessment of manufactured compounds that are applied directly to the environment (for example, pesticides) and those released (for example, through wastewater effluents) as by-products from the manufacturing process or from municipalities (7).  
6.4 Sediment tests can be used to develop exposure-response relationships for individual toxicants by spiking clean sediments with varying concentrations of a test chemical and determining the concentration that elicits the target response in...
SCOPE
1.1 As the contamination of freshwater and saltwater ecosystems continues to be reduced through the implementation of regulations governing both point and non-point source discharges, there is a growing emphasis and concern regarding historical inputs and their influence on water and sediment quality. Many locations in urban areas exhibit significant sediment contamination, which poses a continual and long-term threat to the functional condition of benthic communities and other species inhabiting these areas (1).2 Benthic communities are an important component of many ecosystems and alterations of these communities may affect water-column and nonaquatic species.  
1.2 Biological tests with sediments are an efficient means for evaluating sediment contamination because they provide information complementary to chemical characterizations and ecological surveys (2). Acute sediment toxicity tests can be used as screening tools in the early phase of an assessment hierarchy that ultimately could include chemical measurements or bioaccumulation and chronic toxicity tests. Sediment tests have been applied in both saltwater and freshwater environments (2-6). Sediment tests have been used for dredge material permitting, site ranking for remediation, recovery studies following management actions, and trend monitoring. A particularly important application is for establishing contaminant-specific effects and the processes controlling contaminant bioavailability(7).  
1.3 This guide is arranged as follows:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Application  
4  
Summary of Guide  
5  
Significance and Use  
6  
Hazards  
7  
Sediment Test Types  
8  
Biological Responses  
9  
Test Organisms  
10  
Experimental Design Considerations  
11  
Data Interpretation  
12  
Keywords  
13  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values g...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2022
ICS
13.080.30 - Biological properties of soils
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.47 - Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1525-02(2023) - Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with SedimentsASTM E1525-02(2023) - Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
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ASTM E1525-02(2023) - Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1525 − 02 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Guide for
1
Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1525; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
Test Organisms 10
Experimental Design Considerations 11
1.1 As the contamination of freshwater and saltwater eco-
Data Interpretation 12
systems continues to be reduced through the implementation of Keywords 13
regulations governing both point and non-point source
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
discharges, there is a growing emphasis and concern regarding
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
historical inputs and their influence on water and sediment
only.
quality. Many locations in urban areas exhibit significant
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sediment contamination, which poses a continual and long-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
term threat to the functional condition of benthic communities
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2
and other species inhabiting these areas (1). Benthic commu-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
nities are an important component of many ecosystems and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
alterations of these communities may affect water-column and
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
nonaquatic species.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.2 Biological tests with sediments are an efficient means
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
for evaluating sediment contamination because they provide
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
information complementary to chemical characterizations and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ecological surveys (2). Acute sediment toxicity tests can be
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
used as screening tools in the early phase of an assessment
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
hierarchy that ultimately could include chemical measurements
2. Referenced Documents
or bioaccumulation and chronic toxicity tests. Sediment tests
3
have been applied in both saltwater and freshwater environ-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ments (2-6). Sediment tests have been used for dredge material
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
permitting, site ranking for remediation, recovery studies
D4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and
following management actions, and trend monitoring. A par-
Samples
ticularly important application is for establishing contaminant-
E724 Guide for Conducting Static Short-Term Chronic Tox-
specific effects and the processes controlling contaminant
icity Tests Starting with Embryos of Four Species of
bioavailability(7).
Saltwater Bivalve Molluscs
E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test
1.3 This guide is arranged as follows:
Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-
Section
ians
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-
Application 4
4
ronmental Fate (Withdrawn 2023)
Summary of Guide 5
E1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to
Significance and Use 6
Hazards 7
Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
Sediment Test Types 8
E1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-
Biological Responses 9
Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine In-
vertebrates
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental
Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-
3
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published March 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1525 – 02(2014). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E1525-02R23. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
this standard. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM Interna
...

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ASTM E2172-22(Guide)
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5.1 Soil toxicity tests provide information concerning the toxicity and bioavailability of chemicals associated with soils to terrestrial organisms. As important members of the soil fauna, nematodes have a number of characteristics that make them appropriate organisms for use in the assessment of potentially hazardous soils. Bacterial-feeding nematodes such as C. elegans feed on soil microbes and contribute to the breakdown of organic matter. They are also of extreme importance in the cycling and degradation of key nutrients in soil ecosystems (9). Soil nematodes also serve as a source of prey and nutrients for fauna and microflora such as soil nematophagous fungi (10). A major change in the abundance of soil invertebrates such as nematodes, either as a food source or as organisms functioning properly in trophic energy transfer and nutrient cycling, could have serious adverse ecological effects on the entire terrestrial system.  
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1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data to evaluate the adverse effects of chemicals associated with soil to nematodes from soil toxicity tests. This standard is based on a modification to Guide E1676. The methods are designed to assess lethal or sublethal toxic effects on nematodes in short-term tests in terrestrial systems. Soils to be tested may be (1) references soils or potentially toxic soil sites; (2) artificial, reference, or site soils spiked with compounds; (3) site soils diluted with reference soils; or (4) site or reference soils diluted with artificial soil. Test procedures are described for the species Caenorhabditis elegans (see Annex A1). Methods described in this guide may also be useful for conducting soil toxicity tests with other terrestrial species, although modifications may be necessary.  
1.2 Summary of Previous Studies—Initial soil toxicity testing using the free-living, bacterivorous soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was developed by Donkin and Dusenbery (1).2 Following the development of an effective method of recovery of C. elegans  from test soils, the organism was used to identify factors that affect the toxicity of zinc, cadmium, copper, and lead (2) . Freeman et al. further refined the nematode bioassay by decreasing the quantity of soil and spiking solution volumes, determining test acceptability criteria, and developing control charts to assess worm health using copper as a reference toxicant (3). More recently, the toxicological effects of nitrate and chloride metallic salts in two natural soils were compared (4) . LC50 values for C. elegans exposed for 24-h to nitrate salts of cadmium, copper, zinc, lead and nickel in an artificial soil (see Annex A2) were found to be similar to LC50 values for the earthworm, Eisenia fetida  (5). Increasing the exposure time to 48-h resulted in much lower LC50 values (6). However, longer exposure times necessitate the additio...

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ASTM E1676-12(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity or Bioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia Fetida and the Enchytraeid Potworm Enchytraeus albidus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil toxicity tests provide information concerning the toxicity and bioavailability of chemicals associated with soils to terrestrial organisms. As important members of the soil fauna, lumbricid earthworms and enchytraeid potworms have a number of characteristics that make them appropriate organisms for use in the assessment of potentially hazardous soils. Earthworms may ingest large quantities of soil, have a close relationship with other soil biomasses (for example, invertebrates, roots, humus, litter, and microorganisms), constitute up to 92 % of the invertebrate biomass of soil, and are important in recycling nutrients (1, 2).4 Enchytraeids contribute up to 5.2 % of soil respiration, constitute the second-highest biomass in many soils (the highest in acid soils in which earthworms are lacking) and effect considerably nutrient cycling and community metabolism (3-5). Earthworms and potworms accumulate and are affected by a variety of organic and inorganic compounds (2-10, 11-14). In addition, earthworms and potworms are important in terrestrial food webs, constituting a food source for a very wide variety of organisms, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, nematodes, and centipedes  (15, 16, 3). A major change in the abundance of soil invertebrates such as lumbricids or enchytraeids, either as a food source or as organisms functioning properly in trophic energy transfer and nutrient cycling, could have serious adverse ecological effects on the entire terrestrial system.  
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1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data to evaluate the adverse effects of contaminants (for example, chemicals or biomolecules) associated with soil to earthworms (Family Lumbricidae) and potworms (Family Enchytraeidae) from soil toxicity or bioaccumulation tests. The methods are designed to assess lethal or sublethal toxic effects on earthworms or bioaccumulation of contaminants in short-term tests (7 to 28 days) or on potworms in short to long-term tests (14 to 42 days) in terrestrial systems. Soils to be tested may be (1) reference soils or potentially toxic site soils; (2) artificial, reference, or site soils spiked with compounds; (3) site soils diluted with reference soils; or (4) site or reference soils diluted with artificial soil. Test procedures are described for the species Eisenia fetida (see Annex A1) and for the species Enchytraeus albidus (see Annex A4). Methods described in this guide may also be useful for conducting soil toxicity tests with other lumbricid and enchytraeid terrestrial species, although modifications may be necessary.  
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ASTM D8438/D8438M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Use of Hyperspectral Sensors for Soil Nutrient Analysis of Ground Based Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Spectral analysis of soils for agricultural use is being used worldwide to obtain rapid data on soil nutrients. for the purpose of agricultural management including fertilizer application and other amendments such as pH adjustment, organic supplements, etc. Satellite, aerial, and ground-based sampling methods are being used. This test method applies to ground-based, terrestrial field applications where samples are taken from the ground, generally in the root zone. Use of these rapid remote sensing techniques allow for more detailed and economic data acquisition than older cumbersome sampling and wet chemistry testing methods used in the past by soil scientists for soil nutrient evaluations.  
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Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity or Bioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia Fetida and the Enchytraeid Potworm Enchytraeus albidus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil ORP, in conjunction with other soil characteristics such as pH (see Test Method G51), and electrical resistivity (see Test Methods G57 and G187), is used to predict corrosion tendencies of buried metallic structures (for example, pipelines and culverts). The ORP of the soil is one of many factors that influence structure service life. Its measurement is used in the design of new buried structures and in the evaluation of existing buried structures.  
5.2 Soil ORP is a time-sensitive measurement. For an accurate indication of soil corrosivity, the measurement should be made in-situ in the field or as soon as practicable after removal of the soil sample from the ground.  
5.3 The user of this test method is responsible for determining the significance of reported ORP measurements. ORP alone should typically not be used in characterizing the corrosivity of a particular soil. ORP measurements are appropriate when evaluating oxygen related reactions.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure and related test equipment for measuring oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of soil samples in-situ or removed from the ground.  
1.2 The procedure in Section 9 is appropriate for field and laboratory measurements.  
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1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.1.2 The material condition at the time of testing, sampling frequency, specimen location and orientation, reporting requirements, and other test parameters are contained in the pertinent material specification or in a general requirement specification for the particular product form.  
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods2 cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control.  
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Tension  
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Bend  
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16  
Brinell  
17  
Rockwell  
18  
Portable  
19  
Impact  
20 to 30  
Keywords  
32  
1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products are appended to these test methods as follows:    
Annex  
Bar Products  
Annex A1  
Tubular Products  
Annex A2  
Fasteners  
Annex A3  
Round Wire Products  
Annex A4  
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing  
Annex A5  
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to
Equivalents for Flat Specimens  
Annex A6    
Testing Multi-Wire Strand  
Annex A7  
Rounding of Test Data  
Annex A8  
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars  
Annex A9  
Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation  
Annex A10  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 When these test methods are referenced in a metric product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 in. or 8 in. may be report...

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ASTM
ASTM F3565-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Pressure Pipe Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Using the procedures and apparatus in Sections 8 and 9 and the manufacturer's instructions, pressure-tight joints as strong as the pipe itself can be made between manufacturer-recommended combinations of pipe and fittings. See Specification F1055 for performance requirements of polyethylene electrofusion fittings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for making joints suitable for pressure service with polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings by means of electrofusion joining techniques in, but not limited to, a field environment. Other suitable electrofusion joining procedures are available from various sources including fitting manufacturers. This standard does not purport to address all possible electrofusion joining procedures, or to preclude the use of qualified procedures developed by other parties that have been proven to produce reliable electrofusion joints. (Note 1)
Note 1: Reference to the manufacturer in this practice refers to the electrofusion fitting manufacturer.  
1.2 The parameters and procedure are applicable only to joining polyethylene pipe and fittings (Note 2) which are intended for PE fuel gas pipe per Specification D2513 and PE potable water, sewer and industrial pipe manufactured per Specification F714, Specification D3035, Specification F2619, and AWWA C901 and C906.
Note 2: Commercially available materials classified with a thermoplastic pipe material designation code beginning with PE 14, PE 23, PE 24, PE 27, PE 33, PE 34, PE 36, and PE 46, and PE 47 in accordance with Specification D3350 and Terminology F412 are generally acceptable for electrofusion joining using this practice. Consult with the pipe or fitting manufacturer for specific compatibility information.  
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyethylene pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendices which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5141-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, a silt barrier, or a silt curtain, for specific soil tested.  
5.2 This test method may be used for the design of the filtration component of a sediment retention device to meet requirements of regulatory agencies in filtering efficiency or flow rate for the specific soil tested.  
5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine the spacing between sediment retention devices.  
5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation, as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. Unless testing with the default soil is desired, it is recommended that the user or representative perform the test to pre-approve products, as sediment retention device manufacturers are not typically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating the filtration component of sediment retention devices with different soils under various conditions that simulate the conditions that exist in a sediment retention device installation. This test method may be used to simulate several storm events on the same sediment retention device specimen. Therefore, the number of times this test is repeated per specimen is dependent upon the user and the site conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and the flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, silt barrier, or inlet protector.  
1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filtering efficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute (m3/m2/min) or gallons per square foot per minute (gal/ft2/min) for flow rate.  
1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water.  
1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of the sediment-laden water through the filtration component of a sediment retention device.  
1.2 This test method requires several specialized pieces of equipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an analytical balance, or a vacuum filtration system. At the client’s discretion, the test soil is either a site-specific soil or a soil that is representative of a target default gradation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard, while the inch-pound units are provided for information. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2647-07(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Approved Methods of Installing a CVS (Central Vacuum System)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The suggestions of this guide are intended to provide proper installation materials and practices to be used during the installation of a central-vacuum system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide demonstrates proper methods for installing a central-vacuum system.  
1.2 Appendix X1 contains additional sources of information that may be helpful to the user of this guide.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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