ASTM E1647-09

Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radioscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The contrast sensitivity gauge measures contrast sensitivity independent of the imaging system spatial resolution limitations. The thickness recess dimensions of the contrast sensitivity gauge are large with respect to the spatial resolution limitations of most imaging systems. Four levels of contrast sensitivity are measured: 4 %, 3 %, 2 %, and 1 %.
The contrast sensitivity gauge is intended for use in conjunction with a high-contrast resolution measuring gauge, such as the EN 462 – 5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator. Such gauges measure spatial resolution essentially independent of the imaging system's contrast sensitivity. Such measurements are appropriate for the qualification and performance monitoring of radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems with film, realtime devices, Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Detector Arrays (DDA).
Radioscopic/radiographic system performance may be specified by combining the measured contrast sensitivity expressed as a percentage with the spatial resolution expressed in millimeters of unsharpness. For the EN 462 – 5 spatial resolution gauge, the unsharpness is equal to twice the wire diameter. For the line pair gauge, the unsharpness is equal to the reciprocal of the line-pair/mm value. As an example, an imaging system that exhibits 2 % contrast sensitivity and images the 0.1 mm EN 462 – 5 paired wires (equivalent to imaging 5 line-pairs/millimeter resolution on a line-pair gauge) performs at a 2 %–0.2 mm sensitivity level. A standard method of evaluating overall radioscopic system performance is given in Practice E 1411 and in EN 13068–1 and for CR it can be found in Practice E 2445.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and material selection of a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the minimum change in material thickness or density that may be imaged without regard to spatial resolution limitations.
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2009
• ICS: 11.040.50 - Radiographic equipment
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1647-03 - Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radioscopy
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E1416-23 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2445/E2445M-20 - Standard Practice for Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiography Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E3398-23 - Standard Guide for Digital Neutron Radiography
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E1931-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Non-computed X-Ray Compton Scatter Tomography
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E1411-16 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2033-17 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1647 − 09
StandardPractice for
1
Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E747PracticeforDesign,ManufactureandMaterialGroup-
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
1.1 Thispracticecoversthedesignandmaterialselectionof
Used for Radiology
a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the
E1000Guide for Radioscopy
minimum change in material thickness or density that may be
E1025Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
imaged without regard to spatial resolution limitations.
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radio-
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
graphic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and
E1255Practice for Radioscopy
gamma ray radiation sources.
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1411Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
1.3 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
as standard.The SI units given in parentheses are for informa- E2002PracticeforDeterminingTotalImageUnsharpnessin
Radiology
tion only.
E2445Practice for Performance Evaluation and Long-Term
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Stability of Computed Radiography Systems
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3
2.2 Federal Standards:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
21CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements for Cabinet X-ray
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Systems
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
29CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation
statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of
2.3 NIST/ANSI Standards:
Federal Regulations 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.
NIST/ANSI Handbook 114General Safety Standard for
2. Referenced Documents
Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed
4
2
Gamma Ray Sources, Energies to 10 MeV
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5
2.4 Other Standard:
B139/B139MSpecification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar,
EN462–5Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator
and Shapes
EN13068–1Radioscopic Testing-Part 1: Qualitative Mea-
B150/B150MSpecification forAluminum Bronze Rod, Bar,
surement of Imaging Properties
and Shapes
B161Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
3. Terminology
B164Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applicable to this test
Wire
method may be found in Terminology E1316.
B166Specification for Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloys (UNS
N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025,
4. Summary of Practice
N06045, and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-
Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and Nickel-Iron- 4.1 It is often useful to evaluate the contrast sensitivity of a
Chromium-TungstenAlloy (UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and penetrating radiation imaging system separate and apart from
spatial resolution measurements. Conventional image quality
Wire
indicators(IQI’s),suchasTestMethodE747wireandPractice
1
E1025 plaque IQIs, combine the contrast sensitivity and
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
3
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1647–03. DOI: 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
10.1520/E1647-09. www.access.gpo.gov.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from British Standards Institute (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,
the ASTM website. London W4 4AL, U.K., http://www.bsi-global.com.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1647 − 09
resolution measurements into an overall performance figure of
merit,othermethodssuchasincludedinPracticeE2002donot
addresscontrastspecifically.Suchfiguresofmeritareoftennot
adequate to detect subtle changes in imaging system perfor-
mance. For example, in a high
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1647–03 Designation:E1647–09
Standard Practice for
1
Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the design and material selection of a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the
minimum change in material thickness or density that may be imaged without regard to spatial resolution limitations.
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma
ray radiation sources.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of Federal Regulations 21
CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes
B150/B150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes
B161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
B164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and Wire
B166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloys (UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, N06045,
and N06690)N06696) and Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617) Rod, Bar, and Wire
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination
E747 Practice for the Design Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used
4
ForRadiology PracticeforDesign,ManufactureandMaterialGroupingClassificationofWireImageQualityIndicators(IQI)
Used for Radiology
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
4
E1025 PracticeforHole-TypeImageQualityIndicatorsUsedforRadiography PracticeforDesign,Manufacture,andMaterial
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
4
E2002 PracticeforDeterminingTotalImageUnsharpnessinRadiology PracticeforDeterminingTotalImageUnsharpnessin
Radiology
E2445 Practice for Qualification and Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiology Systems
3
2.2 Federal Standards:
21 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements for Cabinet X-ray Systems
29 CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.01onRadiology(Xand
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved August 10, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E1647–98a.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1647–03.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 02.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.04.
3
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1647–09
2.3 NIST/ANSI Standards:
NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma Ray
4
Sources, Energies to 10 MeV
5
2.4 Other Standard:
EN462–5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator
EN13068–1 Radioscopic Testing-Part 1: Qualitative Measurement of Imaging Properties
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applicable to this test method may be found in Terminology E1316.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Itisoftenusefultoevaluatethecontrastsensitivityofapenetrati
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E 1647–03 Designation:E1647–09
Standard Practice for
1
Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the design and material selection of a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the
minimum change in material thickness or density that may be imaged without regard to spatial resolution limitations.
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma
ray radiation sources.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of Federal Regulations 21
CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B139139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes
B150150/B150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes
B161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
B164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and Wire
B166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS N06600, N06601, and N06690) and Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-
3
Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617) Rod, Bar, and Wire
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS N06600, N06601, N06603,
N06690, N06693, N06025, N06045, and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and
Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Tungsten Alloy (UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and Wire
E747 Practice for the Design Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used
4
ForRadiology PracticeforDesign,ManufactureandMaterialGroupingClassificationofWireImageQualityIndicators(IQI)
Used for Radiology
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
4
E1025 PracticeforHole-TypeImageQualityIndicatorsUsedforRadiography PracticeforDesign,Manufacture,andMaterial
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
4
E2002 Practice for DeterminingTotal Image Unsharpness in Radiology Practice for DeterminingTotal Image Unsharpness in
Radiology
E2445 Practice for Qualification and Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiology Systems
3
2.2 Federal Standards:
21 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements for Cabinet X-ray Systems
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.01onRadiology(Xand
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved August 10, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1647–98a.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1647–03. DOI:
10.1520/E1647-09.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 02.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1647–09
29 CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation
2.3 NIST/ANSI Standards:
NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma Ray
4
Sources, Energies to 10 MeV
5
2.4 Other Standard:
EN462–5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator
EN13068–1 Radioscopic Testing-Part 1: Qualitative Measurement of Imaging Properties
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applicable to this test method may be found in Terminology E 1316E1316.
4. S
...