ASTM D5592-94(2010)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Material Properties Needed in Engineering Design Using Plastics
Standard Guide for Material Properties Needed in Engineering Design Using Plastics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended to serve as a reference to the plastics community for material properties needed in engineering design.
Product datasheets or product literature typically report single-point values at ambient conditions and hence, by their very nature, are inadequate for engineering design and structural analysis of a component or system. A detailed property profile for the particular grade chosen for a given part not only enhances the confidence of the design engineer by allowing a more realistic assessment of the material under close-to-actual service environments but also may avoid premature failure of the designed component and potential liability litigation later. Additionally, it would also eliminate use of larger “design safety factors” that result in “overengineering” or “overdesign.” Not only is such overdesign unwarranted, but it adds to the total part cost, resulting in a good example of ineffective design with plastics and a prime target for substitution by other materials.
One of the problems faced by design engineers is access to comparable data among similar products from different material suppliers because of the lack of standardized reporting format in the plastics industry. ISO 10350.1, ISO 11403-1, and ISO 11403-2 are intended to address the comparability of data issue only as far as single-point and multipoint data for material selection. This guide attempts to serve as a means to standardize the format to report comparable data for engineering design. It is essential that incorporating standardized test specimen geometry and specific test conditions as recommended in Guide D1999, Practice D3641, or ISO 3167 and ISO 294-1 are an integral part of the data generation.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the essential material properties needed for designing with plastics. Its purpose is to raise the awareness of the plastics community regarding the specific considerations involved in using the appropriate material properties in design calculations.
1.2 This guide is intended only as a convenient resource for engineering design. It should be noted that the specific operating conditions (temperature, applied stress or strain, environment, etc. and corresponding duration of such exposures) could vary significantly from one application to another. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the user to perform any pertinent tests under actual conditions of use to determine the suitability of the material in the intended application.
1.3 The applicable ISO and ASTM standard methods for the relevant material properties are listed in this guide for the benefit of design engineers.
1.4 It should be noted that for some of the desired properties, no ASTM or ISO standards exist. These include pvT data, no-flow temperature, ejection temperature, and fatigue in tension. In these instances, relying on available test methods is suggested.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D5592 − 94 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Guide for
Material Properties Needed in Engineering Design Using
Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Plastics are increasingly being used in durable applications as structural components on a basis
comparable with traditional materials such as steels and aluminum, as well as high performance
composite systems. Unlike many consumer-goods applications, where plastics typically serve as
enclosures, these durables applications primarily involve load-bearing components exposed to rather
broad varying operating environments over the life cycle of the product. This necessitates access to
material property profiles over a wide range of conditions, rather than typical values reported at room
temperature.Inordertodesigneffectivelywithplastics,thedesignermusttakeintoaccounttheeffects
of time, temperature, rate, and environment on the performance of plastics, and the consequences of
failure.
1. Scope 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This guide covers the essential material properties
standard.
needed for designing with plastics. Its purpose is to raise the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
awareness of the plastics community regarding the specific
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
considerations involved in using the appropriate material
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
properties in design calculations.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 This guide is intended only as a convenient resource for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
engineering design. It should be noted that the specific oper-
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
ating conditions (temperature, applied stress or strain,
environment, etc. and corresponding duration of such expo-
2. Referenced Documents
sures) could vary significantly from one application to another.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
It is, therefore, the responsibility of the user to perform any
D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to
pertinent tests under actual conditions of use to determine the
Chemical Reagents
suitability of the material in the intended application.
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
1.3 TheapplicableISOandASTMstandardmethodsforthe
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
relevant material properties are listed in this guide for the
Plastics
benefit of design engineers.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1435 Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
1.4 It should be noted that for some of the desired
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
properties, no ASTM or ISO standards exist. These include
Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
pvT data, no-flow temperature, ejection temperature, and
D1999 Guide for Selection of Specimens and Test Param-
fatigue in tension. In these instances, relying on available test
eters from ISO/IEC Standards (Withdrawn 2000)
methods is suggested.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally the ASTM website.
´1 3
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5592 - 94 (2002) . The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D5592-94R10. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5592 − 94 (2010)
D2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics In- the Coefficients of Friction
tended for Outdoor Applications ISO 10350.1 Plastics—Acquisition and Presentation of
D2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Comparable Single-Point Data— Part 1: Moulding Mate-
Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics rials
D2991 Test Method for Stress-Relaxation of Plastics (With- ISO 11403-1 Plastics—Acquisition and Presentation of
drawn 1990) Comparable Multipoint Data—Part 1: Mechanical Prop-
D3045 Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without Load erties
D3123 Test Method for Spiral Flow of Low-Pressure Ther- ISO 11403-2 Plastics—Acquisition and Presentation of
mosetting Molding Compounds Comparable Multipoint Data—Part 2: Thermal and Pro-
D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En- cessing Properties
thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by ISO 11443 Plastics—Determination of the Fluidity of Plas-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry tics Using Capillary and Slit-Die Rheometers
D3641 Practice for Injection Molding Test Specimens of
Thermoplastic Molding and Extrusion Materials 3. Terminology
D3835 Test Method for Determination of Properties of
3.1 Definitions:
Polymeric Materials by Means of a Capillary Rheometer
3.1.1 aging—the effect on materials of exposure to an
D4473 Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Prop-
environment for an interval of time (see Terminology D883).
erties: Cure Behavior
3.1.2 coeffıcient of friction—a measure of the resistance to
D5045 Test Methods for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness
sliding of one surface in contact with another surface.
and Strain Energy Release Rate of Plastic Materials
D5279 Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Prop-
3.1.3 coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion—the change in
erties: In Torsion
linear dimension per unit of original length of a material for a
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
unit change in temperature.
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
3.1.4 compressive strength—the compressive stress that a
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
material is capable of sustaining. In the case of a material that
E1823 TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the value
2.2 ISO Standards:
for compressive strength is an arbitrary value depending upon
ISO 175 Plastics—Determination of the Effects of Immer-
the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete
sion in Liquid Chemicals
failure of the material (modified from Terminology E6).
ISO 294-1 Plastics—Injection Moulding of Test Specimens
3.1.5 creep—the time-dependent increase in strain in re-
of Thermoplastic Materials—General Principles, and
sponse to applied stress (modified from Terminology E6).
Moulding of Multipurpose and Bar Test Specimens
ISO 527-1 Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties—
3.1.6 creep modulus—the ratio of initial applied stress to
Part 1: General Principles
creep strain (see Test Method D2990).
ISO 527-2 Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties—
3.1.7 creep rupture stress—stresstoproducematerialfailure
Part 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and Extrusion
corresponding to a fixed time to rupture (modified from Test
Plastics
Method D2990).
ISO 527-4 Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties—
3.1.8 critical stress intensity factor—toughness parameter
Part 4:Test Conditions for Isotropic and Orthotropic Fibre
indicative of the resistance of a material to fracture at fracture
Reinforced Plastic Composites
initiation (see Test Method D5045).
ISO604 Plastics—DeterminationofCompressiveProperties
ISO 899-1 Plastics—Determination of Creep Behaviour -
3.1.9 engineering stress—stress based on initial cross sec-
Tensile Creep
tional area of the specimen.
ISO 899-2 Plastics—Determination of Creep Behaviour -
3.1.10 fatigue—the process of progressive localized perma-
Flexural Creep by Three-Point Loading
nent deleterious change or loss of properties occurring in a
ISO 2578 Plastics—Determination of Time-Temperature
material subjected to cyclic loading conditions (modified from
Limits After Prolonged Exposure to Heat
Definitions E1823).
ISO 3167 Plastics—Multipurpose Test Specimens
3.1.11 Poisson’s ratio—the absolute value of the ratio of
ISO 4607 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Natural Weath-
transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting
ering
from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional
ISO 4892-2 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
limit of the material (see Terminology D883).
Light Sources—Part 2: Xenon Arc Sources
ISO 6721-2 Plastics—Determination of Dynamic Mechani-
3.1.12 proportional limit—the greatest stress that a material
cal Properties—Part 2: Torsion Pendulum
is capable of sustaining without any deviation from propor-
ISO 8295 Plastics—Film and Sheeting—Determination of
tionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s law) (see Test Method
D638).
3.1.13 PV limit—the limiting combination of pressure and
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. velocity that will cause failure of any polymer rubbing against
D5592 − 94 (2010)
another surface without lubrication at a specific ambient specimen geometry and specific test conditions as recom-
temperature and tested in a specific geometry. mended in Guide D1999, Practice D3641, or ISO 3167 and
ISO 294-1 are an integral part of the data generation.
3.1.14 secant modulus—the ratio of engineering stress to
corresponding strain at a designated strain point on the
5. Material Properties in Engineering Design
stress-strain curve (see Test Method D638).
5.1 Finite element analysis is an integral part of computer
3.1.15 shear modulus—the quotient of the shearing stress
aided design/engineering (CAD/CAE). It serves as a powerful
and the resulting angular deformation of the test specimen
tool for design engineers in performing engineering analysis of
measured in the range of small recoverable deformations (see
plastics components to predict the performance. The material
ISO 6721-2).
data inputs required for carrying out these analyses essentially
3.1.16 shear strength—the maximum shear stress that a constitute the minimum data needed in engineering design.
material is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculated
5.2 The material properties essential in engineering design
from the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and is
can be grouped into three main categories; (1) properties
based on the original dimensions of the cross section of the
essential for structural analysis, (2) properties essential for
specimen (see Terminology E6).
assessing manufacturability, and (3) properties essential for
3.1.17 tensile modulus—the ratio of engineering stress to
evaluating assembly. The properties essential for structural
corresponding strain below the proportional limit of a material
analysis are employed in assessing the structural integrity of
in tension (modified from Test Method D638).
the designed part over its useful life or in determining the
required geometry of the part to ensure structural integrity.The
3.1.18 tensile stress at break—the tensile stress sustained by
properties essential for assessing manufacturability are em-
the material at break (modified from Test Method D638).
ployed in simulating the part filling/post filling steps to
3.1.19 tensile stress at yield—the tensile stress sustained by
optimize processing conditions and for predictions of dimen-
the material at the yield point (modified from Test Method
sional stability of the manufactured part. The properties essen-
D638).
tial for assembly considerations are employed in evaluating the
3.1.20 warpage—distortion caused by non-uniform change
ability to join/assemble the component parts.
of internal stresses (D883).
5.3 As functional requirements are often specific to each
3.1.21 yield point—the first point on the stress-strain curve
application, the material properties essential for structural
at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in
analysis can be classified into two categories—those that are
stress (see Test Method D638).
somewhat application specific and those that are not.
5.4 Whether the individual property is application-specific
4. Significance and Use
or not, certain properties are directly employed in design
4.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference to the
calculations while others are employed more or less for
plastics community for material properties needed in engineer-
verification of the design limits. For example, although parts
ing design.
may fail in service under multi-axial impact loading
4.2 Product datasheets or product literature typically report
conditions, the impact energy data can be used only in design
single-point values at ambient conditions and hence, by their
verification, at best.Additional examples of properties that are
very nature, are inadequate for engineering design and struc-
usefulonlyfordesignverificationincludefatigue(S-N)curves,
tural analysis of a component or system. A detailed property
wear factor, PV limit, retention of properties following expo-
profile for the particular grade chosen for a given part not only
sure to chemicals and solvents, and accelerated aging or UV
enhances the confidence of the design engineer by allowing a
exposure/outdoor weathering.
more realistic assessment of the material under close-to-actual
5.5 Almost all structural design calculations fall under one
service environments but also may avoid premature failure of
ofthefollowingtypesofanalysisorsomecombinationthereof:
the designed component and potential liability litigation later.
beam or plate; pipe; snap fits, pressfits, threads, bearing, bolts;
Additionally, it would also eliminate use of larger “design
or buckling. The properties needed for each of these design
safety factors” that result in “overengineering” or “overde-
calculations are summarized in Table 1.
sign.” Not only is such overdesign unwarranted, but it adds to
5.6 In plate and beam analyses, flexural modulus is often
the total part cost, resulting in a good example of ineffective
used in determining the beam deflection or stiffness. However,
design with plastics and a prime target for substitution by other
development of apparent stress gradient across the beam or
materials.
plate thickness in flexure fails
...
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