ASTM D5067-99
(Specification)Standard Specification for Artists' Watercolor Paints
Standard Specification for Artists' Watercolor Paints
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for composition, physical properties, performance, and labeling of artists' watercolor paints.
1.2 This specification covers pigments, vehicles, and additives. Requirements are included for pigment identification, lightfastness, and consistency.
1.3 Table 1 lists some pigments meeting the lightfastness requirements in this specification. In order to identify other pigments that meet these requirements, instructions are given for test specimen preparation. Test methods for determining relative lightfastness are referenced.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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Designation: D 5067 – 99
Standard Specification for
Artists’ Watercolor Paints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5067; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1.1 Discussion—For example, the Colour Index Name
of one phthalocyanine blue pigment is Pigment Blue 15 (PB
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for compo-
15).
sition,physicalproperties,performance,andlabelingofartists’
3.1.2 Colour Index Number—a five-digit number given in
watercolor paints.
the Colour Index that describes the chemical constitution of a
1.2 This specification covers pigments, vehicles, and addi-
colorant.
tives. Requirements are included for pigment identification,
3.1.2.1 Discussion—For example, the Colour Index Num-
lightfastness, and consistency.
ber of one phthalocyanine blue pigment is 74160.
1.3 Table 1 lists some pigments meeting the lightfastness
3.1.3 Appearance terms used in this standard are defined in
requirements in this specification. In order to identify other
Terminology E284.
pigments that meet these requirements, instructions are given
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
for test specimen preparation. Test methods for determining
3.2.1 watercolor paint—a pigment dispersion in a water
relative lightfastness are referenced.
soluble gum/resin vehicle that dries water soluble and is
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
intended primarily for transparent applications.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
information only.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 This specification establishes quality requirements and
provides a basis for common understanding among producers,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
distributors, and users.
D185 Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments,
2 4.2 It is not intended that all paints meeting the require-
Pastes, and Paints
ments be identical nor of uniform excellence in all respects.
D1210 TestMethodforFinenessofDispersionofPigment-
Variations in manufacture, not covered by this specification,
Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
may cause some artists to prefer one brand over another, either
D4236 Practice for Labeling Art Materials for Chronic
of which may be acceptable under this specification.
Health Hazards
D4303 TestMethodsforLightfastnessofPigmentsUsedin
5. Labeling Requirements
Artists’ Paints
3 5.1 Pigment(s) Identification:
E284 Terminology of Appearance
5.1.1 Every label shall include for each pigment contained
3. Terminology in the paint (1) the information underlined in Table 1 (which
includes the Common Name, Colour Index Name, and any
3.1 Definitions:
additional terms necessary to identify the form of the pigment)
3.1.1 Colour Index Name—consists of the category (type of
and (2) the appropriate Lightfastness Category.
dyeorpigment),generalhue,andanassignednumbergivento
5.1.2 The complete pigment identification given in Table 1,
a colorant in the Colour Index as an international identifica-
which also includes the Colour Index Number and a simple
tion system.
chemicaldescription,shallbegiveninanappropriateproducer
publication.Manufacturersareencouragedtoputthiscomplete
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint
identification on the container label when label size permits.
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
5.1.3 TheCommonNameshallbeplacedonthefrontofthe
Subcommittee D01.57 on Artist Paints and Related Materials.
label and shall be the name of the paint except as described in
Current edition approved May 10, 1999. Published July 1999. Originally
5.1.5 and 5.1.6. Other identification may be placed elsewhere
published as D5067-90. Last previous edition D5067-98a.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.
on the container.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
5.1.4 The Colour Index Name may be spelled out in full or
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
abbreviated depending on the size of the label. Example:
Colour Index, 3rd ed.,The Society of Dyers and Colourists, London, 1971–75,
five vols and revisions. Available from the American Association of Textile Pigment Blue 15, or Pig. Blue 15 or PB 15.
Chemists and Colorists, PO Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5067–99
5.1.5 Substituted Pigments—In the case of substituted pig- 5.3.3.1 The lightfastness category of a pigment shall be
ments, the word “Hue” in equal size letters shall follow in the changed if results from several further tests conducted in
title,onthefrontofthetube,immediatelyafterthenameofthe accordancewithTestMethodsD4303andapprovedbyASTM
pigment that has been simulated. Directly below the title, the Subcommittee D01.57, establish a different lightfastness cat-
Common Name from Table 1 of the pigment(s) used shall be egory than the one given in Table 1.
given in letters no less than the next type size smaller than the 5.3.3.2 Additional pigments shall be placed in Table 1 after
title; or if more that one pigment is used, then 5.1.7 covering
they have been tested for lightfastness in accordance with Test
mixed pigments, can be followed. For example: Methods D4303 and the test results submitted to ASTM
CADMIUM RED MEDIUM HUE COBALT BLUE HUE Subcommittee D01.57 for evaluation, provided the results
(Naphthol Red AS-OL) (Mixture)
demonstrate that the pigments have the lightfastness ratings
required for Lightfastness I or Lightfastness II, as described
5.1.6 Proprietary names or optional names may be used above.
providedtheCommonName(s)giveninTable1appearsonthe 5.3.4 For information and to establish nomenclature, pig-
front of the label directly under the proprietary or optional ments in Lightfastness III, IV, V, categories are given in Table
name in letters no less than the next type size smaller than the X1.1 in Appendix X1. However, such pigments are not to be
proprietary or optional name; or if more than one pigment is used in paint conforming to this specification.
used, then 5.1.7 covering mixed pigments, can be followed.
5.4 Toxicity—Allproductsandlabelingmustconformtothe
5.1.7 Mixed Pigments—Artists’paintscontainingmorethan Federal Hazardous Substances Act and to Practice D4236.
5.5 Statement of Conformance—“Conforms to ASTM
one pigment comply with this specification if all colored
pigments included in the mixture are on the suitable pigment Specification D5067,” or “Conforms to ASTM D5067,” or
“ConformstothequalityrequirementsofASTMD5067.”This
list (Table 1) and provided the mixture itself has passed all
other test requirements in this specification. The Common statement may be combined with other conformance state-
ments, such as, “Conforms to the quality and health require-
Namesforthepigmentsinthemixture,ortheword“Mixture,”
must appear under the title in letters no less than the next type ments of ASTM Specification D5067 and Practice D4236.”
size smaller than the title. For example: 5.6 Address—Include on the label (1) the name and address
of the manufacturer or importer and (2) the country of
PERMANENT GREEN LIGHT PERMANENT GREEN LIGHT
(Cadmium Yellow Light, (Mixture)
manufacture.
Phthalocyanine Blue)
If the word “Mixture” is used under the title, the Common 6. Quality Assurance for Artists’ Watercolor Paints
Names of the pigments in the mixture, as given in Table 1,
6.1 Conditions not Covered in This Specification That Affect
must be listed along with their Colour Index Names and the
Artists’ Watercolor Paints:
Lightfastness Category of the mixture somewhere on the label.
6.1.1 Substrate—The effective pH of the paper used will
The lightfastness category shall be that of the least lightfast
affect the long-term color of the applied watercolor.
pigment. This lightfastness category may be changed if the
6.1.2 Environmental Conditions—Factors such as tempera-
mixture is tested for lightfastness in accordance with Test
ture, humidity, airflow, and light conditions affect application
Methods D4303 and results indicating a different category are
properties, drying time, and adhesion.
submitted to ASTM Subcommittee D01.57 for evaluation.
6.1.3 Storage—With aging and elevated temperatures there
5.2 Provide on the label the identification of the gum/resin
may be a change in consistency and a discernible separation of
used.
vehicle.
5.3 Lightfastness—The label shall contain the word“ Light-
6.2 Vehicles—Onlywatersolublegums/resinsshallbeused.
fastness” followed by the appropriate rating, I or II, as given
6.3 Pigments—Pigments used in watercolors shall be lim-
for each pigment in Table 1.
ited to those in Table 1. Their lightfastness rating shall be the
5.3.1 Lightfastness I pigments, when made into paint speci-
numeral given in the same row.
mens as described in Section 7 and exposed, tested, and rated
6.4 Additives—Thickeners, preservatives, surfactants, and
in accordance with Test Methods D4303, shall have a color
humectants may be used to achieve consistency, prevent
difference (DE* ) of 4 or less CIELAB units between the
microbe deterioration, and control application results.
ab
specimens measured before and after exposure.
6.5 Inerts—Inerts shall only be used to produce desirable
5.3.2 Lightfastness II pigments, when made into paint working qualities.
specimens as described in Section 7 and exposed, tested, and
6.6 Preparation of Sample—For paste and fluid paints,
rated in accordance with Test Methods D4303, shall have a
empty the contents of the previously unopened container onto
colordifference(DE* )ofmorethan4.0butnotmorethan8.0
a glass slab and mix thoroughly with a spatula to a homoge-
ab
CIELAB units between the specimens measured before and
neous sample. For cake paints, take a piece of the cake on a
after exposure.
glass slab and add water and mix until a homogeneous paint is
5.3.3 Pigments were placed in a lightfastness category on formed.
thebasisofeitherknownhistoricalperformanceinartworksor 6.7 Coarse Particles—Paints shall be free of oversize par-
the ratings from four lightfastness tests conducted as described ticles and shall form a uniform film. The maximum content of
inTestMethodsD4303.Resultsfromfurthertestsonthese,or coarse particles shall be 1 weight % as determined by Test
other pigments, are solicited by Subcommittee D01.57. Methods D185.
D5067–99
6.8 Fineness of Dispersion—Determine the fineness of paint shows from 35 to 45% reflectance at the wavelength of
dispersion by Test Method D1210. For paste paint, on a glass maximum absorption for that pigment. The wavelength of
plate, using a spatula, mix the paint with an equal volume of maximum absorption is located at the point of lowest reflec-
water until homogeneous. The maximum allowable grind tance on the spectral curve between 420 and 620 nm. If using
reading is 1.5 mils (40 µm). a tristimulus filter colorimeter, the lowest of the three filter
6.9 Consistency—Paints shall be smooth and easily solubi- readings is the region of maximum absorption and the dilution
lized with water to a homogeneous color. should be adjusted so that a reading of 35 to 45% reflectance
6.10 Freeze-Thaw Stability—Using a freezer that has a isobtainedwiththisfilter.Thediffusewhitereferencestandard
temperature of 20°F (−7°C) or lower, subject the paint to five for all measurements should have an absolute reflectance
freeze-thaw cycles.Afreeze-thaw cycle shall consist of freez- between 97 and 100%.
ing the paint to a solid state (minimum of 18 h) and then 7.3.3 Use an applicator with a 3-mil (75-µm) aperture to
thawing the paint to room temperature (minimum of 5 h). The make a drawdown on the filter paper. Tape the filter paper to a
paint shall then meet the requirements of 6.7, 6.8, and 6.9. smooth surface such as a piece of glass. Place the drawdown
bar just above the upper edge of the paper so it is ready to use.
7. Lightfastness Determination
Pour a small amount of the diluted paint, which is thoroughly
7.1 If a pigment is not listed in Table 1, test specimens of a mixed,ontothetopofthefilterpaper.Usingthedrawdownbar,
watercolorcontainingthepigmentshallbeprepared.Thesetest
draw the paint down, running the excess off the edge of the
specimens shall be tested in accordance with the requirements filter paper at the bottom. Quickly untape the filter paper and
for exposure and evaluation given in Test Methods D4303.
hangittodryatroomtemperature.Therewillbeadarkpuddle
area where the paint was originally applied, but the remaining
NOTE 1—A report of the results of these tests may be submitted to
part of the paper will be uniform in color for use in obtaining
SubcommitteeD01.57forinclusionofthepigmentsinTable1.Thereport
spectrophotometric measurements.
shallincludeinformationontestconditionsandinstrumentsusedandshall
be accompanied by the test specimens (which will be returned).
7.3.3.1 Prepare four specimen panels for each pigment
under test. Two are used in the first lightfastness tests and two
7.2 Materials:
are retained in subdued light, one for visual comparisons with
7.2.1 Filter Paper, 6-in. (15.0-cm) diameter, ashless.
the exposed panels and one in case a third test is needed to
7.2.2 Drawdown Bar with 3-mil (75-µm) aperture.
supplement results from the first two tests, as described inTest
7.2.3 Posterboard, lightweight, approximately 20 mils (0.5
Methods D4303.
mm) thick, having a glossy finish on one side.
7.3.3.2 Apply the test paints to the filter paper as described
7.2.4 Distilled Water.
in 7.3.3. The panels should be air dried for 2 h and then put in
7.2.5 Acrylic Latex Adhesive.
an oven at 50°C for overnight drying.
7.3 Preparation of Test Paints:
7.3.3.3 Cut the uniform color section of the filter paper
7.3.1 The pigment to be tested may be milled in a soft paste
drawdown panel into 1 ⁄2-in. (38-mm) square panels. Adhere
consistency. If a prepared artists’ paint of known composition
the panels to the light posterboard (see 7.2.3) using a thin coat
is available it may be used for this test instead of preparing a
of an acrylic-latex adhesive. The size of the posterboard shall
standard.
conform to the dimensions of the exposure equipment test
7.3.2 Dilute the watercolors with water and drawdown on
racks.
paper until the spectrophotometric measurement of the dry
8. Exposure
The sole source of supply of the filter paper, Whatman No. 42 known to the
8.1 Conductexposuretests,calculatemeancolordifference,
committee at this time is F
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