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ASTM D5446-02

(Test Method)

Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints

Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints

SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D 5446 and the individual test method.
1.4 In Section 9, this standard lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.YarnSectionDenier (Yarn Number)9.3.1Fiber Content9.3.2Finish (Extractable Material)9.3.3Strength and Elongation9.3.4Twist9.3.5FabricAir Permeability9.3.6Abrasion Resistance9.3.7Blocking9.3.8Bow and Skew9.3.9Breaking Force Elongation9.3.10Burst Strength9.3.11Coating Adhesion9.3.12Coating Weight9.3.13Count of Woven Fabric9.3.14Dynamic Air Permeability9.3.28Edgecomb Resistance9.3.29Flammability9.3.15Fogging (Volatility)9.3.16Length9.3.17Mass per Unit Area9.3.18Non-Fibrous Material9.3.19Odor9.3.20Packability9.3.30pH9.3.21Stiffness9.3.22Tear Strength9.3.23Thickness9.3.24Warp Size Content Residual Sizing9.3.25Width9.3.26ThreadSewing Thread9.3.27
1.5 This standard may be used in conjunction with Practice D 5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2002
ICS
43.040.60 - Bodies and body components
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.20 - Inflatable Restraints
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5446-01 - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D5446-02(2007) - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F2374-22 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, Operation, and Maintenance of Inflatable Amusement Devices
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM D5446-02 - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable RestraintsASTM D5446-02 - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
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ASTM D5446-02 - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5446 – 02
Standard Practice for
Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and
1
Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Thickness 9.3.24
Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing 9.3.25
1.1 This standard is a listing of the test methods commonly
Width 9.3.26
employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and
Thread
Sewing Thread 9.3.27
yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints
1.5 This standard may be used in conjunction with Practice
may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun
D 5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated
yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.
agingofinflatablerestraintfabricswhencomparativeresultsof
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints
physical properties before and after accelerated aging are
may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece
required.
woven, follow the sampling section of D 5446 and the indi-
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this
vidual test method.
standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier
1.4 In Section 9, this standard lists is alphabetical order the
with the specific deviations from the standard practice ac-
procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the
knowledged in the report.
followingfabricoryarnpropertiesofconcerntothedesignand
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
manufacture of inflatable restraints.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Yarn Section
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
Denier (Yarn Number) 9.3.1
must be used independent of the other.
Fiber Content 9.3.2
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Finish (Extractable Material) 9.3.3
Strength and Elongation 9.3.4
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Twist 9.3.5
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Fabric
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Air Permeability 9.3.6
Abrasion Resistance 9.3.7
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.
Blocking 9.3.8
Bow and Skew 9.3.9
2. Referenced Documents
Breaking Force & Elongation 9.3.10
Burst Strength 9.3.11
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Coating Adhesion 9.3.12
2
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Coating Weight 9.3.13
2
D 204 Test Methods for Sewing Thread
Count of Woven Fabric 9.3.14
2
Dynamic Air Permeability 9.3.28
D 276 Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
Edgecomb Resistance 9.3.29 2
D 737 Test Method forAir Permeability of Textile Fabrics
Flammability 9.3.15
3
D 751 Test Methods for Testing Coated Fabric
Fogging (Volatility) 9.3.16
Length 9.3.17
D 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
Mass per Unit Area 9.3.18
2
Length Specimens
Non-Fibrous Material 9.3.19
2
D 1388 Test Methods for Stiffness of Fabrics
Odor 9.3.20
Packability 9.3.30
D 1422 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by the Untwist
pH 9.3.21
2
Retwist Method
Stiffness 9.3.22
D 1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct Count
Tear Strength 9.3.23
2
Method
D 1777 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Textile
2
1
Materials
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable
Restraints.
2
Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published June 2002. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01
3
published as D 5446 – 93. Last previous edition D 5446 – 01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D5446–02
D 1907 Test Method for Yarn Number by the Skein FLTM BN13-1 Coating Adhesion
2 10
Method 2.5 AATCC Methods:
D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Method 81 pH of Water—Extract from Wet Processed
2
Single Strand Method Textiles
2
D 2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
3. Terminology
D 2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Woven Fabrics
by the Tongue (Single Rip) Method (Constant-Rate-of- 3.1 Definitions:
2
Extension Tensile Testing Machine) 3.2 For definitions of other ter
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.  
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1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.  
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.  
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D5446 and the individual test method.  
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Section  
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9.3.1    
Fiber Content  
9.3.2    
Finish (Extractable Material)  
9.3.3    
Strength and Elongation  
9.3.4    
Twist  
9.3.5    
Fabric  
Air Permeability  
9.3.6    
Abrasion Resistance  
9.3.7    
Blocking  
9.3.8    
Bow and Skew  
9.3.9    
Breaking Force & Elongation  
9.3.10  
Burst Strength  
9.3.11  
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9.3.12  
Coating Weight  
9.3.13  
Count of Woven Fabric  
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Dynamic Air Permeability  
9.3.28  
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9.3.29  
Flammability  
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1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for determining the specific packability of uncoated and coated airbag fabrics. Fabric packability is an important factor in the design of airbag modules due to their inherent spacial constraints.  
5.2 A folded specimen exhibits better specific packability if it occupies a lower total volume at the specified loads compared to another specimen.  
5.3 The time required to test one sample (four specimens from the same lot of fabric) is approximately 1.5 h using this test method. Due to the length of time required by this test method to perform a single test, this test method is most suitable for use in design and development analysis or for inclusion in a list of required tests conducted for annual certification of an airbag fabric.
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1.2 Procedures in this test method describe operator techniques that must be followed closely to obtain repeatable and accurate results. Since these techniques are difficult to convey in writing, supplemental training for operators is required. A training video is available from ASTM (see Adjuncts ADJD6478 and ADJD6478A).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier with specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5446-08(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.  
5.2 The physical testing procedures in this practice can be used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.  
5.3 This practice addresses all the physical properties that describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used to determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatable restraints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.  
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.  
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D5446 and the individual test method.  
1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.    
Yarn  
Section  
Denier (Yarn Number)  
9.3.1    
Fiber Content  
9.3.2    
Finish (Extractable Material)  
9.3.3    
Strength and Elongation  
9.3.4    
Twist  
9.3.5    
Fabric  
Air Permeability  
9.3.6    
Abrasion Resistance  
9.3.7    
Blocking  
9.3.8    
Bow and Skew  
9.3.9    
Breaking Force & Elongation  
9.3.10  
Burst Strength  
9.3.11  
Coating Adhesion  
9.3.12  
Coating Weight  
9.3.13  
Count of Woven Fabric  
9.3.14  
Dynamic Air Permeability  
9.3.28  
Edgecomb Resistance  
9.3.29  
Flammability  
9.3.15  
Fogging (Volatility)  
9.3.16  
Length  
9.3.17  
Mass per Unit Area  
9.3.18  
Non-Fibrous Material  
9.3.19  
Odor  
9.3.20  
Packability  
9.3.30  
pH  
9.3.21  
Stiffness  
9.3.22  
Tear Strength  
9.3.23  
Thickness  
9.3.24  
Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing  
9.3.25  
Width  
9.3.26  
Sewing Thread  
9.3.27  
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice D5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.  
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.  
1.8 This standa...

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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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