ASTM D1987-18

Standard Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is performance oriented for determining if, and to what degree, different liquids create biological activity on geotextile filters thereby reducing their flow capability. The use of the method is primarily oriented toward landfill leachates but can be performed with any liquid coming from a particular site or synthesized from a predetermined mixture of biological microorganisms.  
5.2 The test can be used to compare the flow capability of different types of geotextiles or soil/geotextile combinations.  
5.3 This test will usually take considerable time, for example, up to 1000 h, for the biological activity to initiate, grow, and reach an equilibrium condition. The curves resulting from the test are intended to indicate the in situ behavior of a geotextile or soil/geotextile filter.  
5.4 The test specimen can be incubated under nonsaturated drained conditions between readings, or kept saturated at all times. The first case allows for air penetration into the flow column and thus aerobic conditions. The second case can result in the absence of air, thus it may simulate anaerobic conditions.  
5.5 The flow rate can be determined using either a constant head test procedure or on the basis of a falling head test procedure. In either case, the flow column containing the geotextile or soil/geotextile is the same; only the head control devices change.
Note 1: It has been found that once biological clogging initiates, constant head tests often pass inadequate quantities of liquid to accurately measure. It thus becomes necessary to use falling head tests, which can be measured on the basis of time of movement of a relatively small quantity of liquid between two designated points on a clear plastic standpipe.  
5.6 If the establishment of an unacceptably high degree of clogging is seen in the flow rate curves, the device allows for backflushing with water or with water containing a biocide.  
5.7 The resulting flow rate curves are intended for us...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the potential for, and relative degree of, biological growth which can accumulate on geotextile or geotextile/soil filters.  
1.2 This test method uses the measurement of flow rates over an extended period of time to determine the amount of clogging.  
1.3 This test method can be adapted for nonsaturated as well as saturated conditions.  
1.4 This test method can use constant head or falling head measurement techniques.  
1.5 This test method can also be used to give an indication as to the possibility of backflushing, biocide treatment, or both, for remediation purposes if biological clogging does occur.  
1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in inch-pound units are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2018
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.02 - Endurance Properties

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1987 − 18
Standard Test Method for
1
Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
1.1 This test method is used to determine the potential for,
Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
andrelativedegreeof,biologicalgrowthwhichcanaccumulate
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
on geotextile or geotextile/soil filters.
D4491Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
1.2 This test method uses the measurement of flow rates
by Permittivity
over an extended period of time to determine the amount of
D5101Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compat-
clogging.
ibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
1.3 Thistestmethodcanbeadaptedfornonsaturatedaswell E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
as saturated conditions.
G22Practice for Determining Resistance of Plastics to
1.4 This test method can use constant head or falling head
3
Bacteria (Withdrawn 2002)
measurement techniques.
1.5 This test method can also be used to give an indication
3. Terminology
astothepossibilityofbackflushing,biocidetreatment,orboth,
3.1 Definitions:
for remediation purposes if biological clogging does occur.
3.1.1 aerobic,n—aconditioninwhichameasurablevolume
1.6 ThevaluesinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.
of air is present in the incubation chamber or system.
The values provided in inch-pound units are for information
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Ingeotextiles,thisconditioncanpoten-
only.
tially contribute to the growth of microorganisms.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 anaerobic, n—a condition in which no measurable
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In geotextiles, this condition cannot
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
contribute to the growth of microorganisms.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 back flushing, n—a process by which liquid is forced
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
in the reverse direction to the flow direction.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In other drainage application areas,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
this process is commonly used to free clogged drainage
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
systemsofmaterialsthatimpedetheintendeddirectionofflow.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.4 biocide, n—a chemical used to kill bacteria and other
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
microorganisms.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.5 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
2
solely of textiles.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6 permeability, n—the rate of flow of a liquid under a
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
differential pressure through a material.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—In geotextiles, permeability refers to
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
hydraulic conductivity.
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-
−1
3.1.7 permittivity,(Ψ)(t ),n—ofgeotextiles,thevolumetric
ance Properties.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally
flowrateofwaterperunit,inacross-sectionalareaheadunder
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D1987–07 (2016).
laminar flow conditions.
DOI: 10.1520/D1987-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1987 − 18
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, systems and possible remediation schemes in the case of
refer to Terminologies D123 and D4439. landfill lechate collection and removal systems.
6. Apparatus
4. Summary of Test Method
6.1 The Flow Column and Specimen Mount consists of a
4.1 A geotextile
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1987 − 07 (Reapproved 2016) D1987 − 18
Standard Test Method for
1
Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is used to determine the potential for, and relative degree of, biological growth which can accumulate on
geotextile or geotextile/soil filters.
1.2 This test method uses the measurement of flow rates over an extended period of time to determine the amount of clogging.
1.3 This test method can be adapted for nonsaturated as well as saturated conditions.
1.4 This test method can use constant head or falling head measurement techniques.
1.5 This test method can also be used to give an indication as to the possibility of backflushing and/or biocide treatment
backflushing, biocide treatment, or both, for remediation purposes if biological clogging does occur.
1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in inch-pound units are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
D5101 Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
3
G22 Practice for Determining Resistance of Plastics to Bacteria (Withdrawn 2002)
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3
G22 Practice for Determining Resistance of Plastics to Bacteria (Withdrawn 2002)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.
3.1.2 permeability, n—the rate of flow of a liquid under a differential pressure through a material.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
In geotextiles, permeability refers to hydraulic conductivity.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2016Feb. 1, 2018. Published June 2016February 2018. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20122016 as
D1987 – 07 (2016).(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D1987-07R16.10.1520/D1987-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1987 − 18
−1
3.1.3 permittivity, (Ψ)(t ), n—of geotextiles, the volumetric flow rate of water per unit, in a cross sectional area head under
laminar flow conditions.
3.1.1 aerobic, n—a condition in which a measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
In geotextiles, this condition can potentially contribute to the growth of micro-organisms.microorganisms.
3.1.2 anaerobic, n—a condition in which no measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
In geotextiles, this condition cannot contribute to the growth of microorganisms.
3.1.3 back flushing, n—a process by which liquid is forced in the reverse direction to
...