ASTM ISO/ASTM51540-04(2012)

Standard Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry System (Withdrawn 2020)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The radiochromic liquid dosimetry system provides a means of measuring absorbed dose in materials (5-7). Under the influence of ionizing radiation, chemical reactions take place in the radiochromic solution modifying the amplitudes of optical absorption bands (8-10). Absorbance values are measured at the selected wavelength(s) within these affected absorption bands (see also ISO/ASTM Guide 51261).
4.2 In the use of a specific dosimetry system, a calibration curve or response function relates the dosimeter’s response to an absorbed dose traceable to a nationally or internationally recognized standard (11, 12).
4.3 The absorbed dose that is measured is usually specified in water. Absorbed dose in other materials may be evaluated by applying the conversion factors discussed in ISO/ASTM Guide 51261.
NOTE 2—For a comprehensive discussion of various dosimetry methods applicable to the radiation types and energies discussed in this practice, see ICRU Reports 14, 17, 34, 35, and 37.
4.4 These dosimetry systems may be used in the industrial radiation processing of a variety of products, for example the sterilization of medical devices and radiation processing of foods (5, 7, 13).
4.5 The available dynamic range indicated in 1.2.1 is achieved by using a variety of radiochromic leuco dyes (Table 1) in a variety of solutions (Table 2).4.6 The ingredients of the solutions, in particular the solvents, can be varied so as to simulate a number of materials in terms of the photon mass energy-absorption coefficients, (μen/ρ), for X-rays and gamma-rays and electron mass collision stopping powers, [(1/ρ) dE/dx], over a broad spectral energy range from 0.01 to 100 MeV (18). For special applications certain tissue-equivalent radiochromic solutions have been designed to simulate various materials and anatomical tissues, in terms of values of (μen/ρ) for photons and [(1/ρ) dE/dx] for electrons (18) (see also ICRU Report 44). Tabulations of the values of (μen/ρ) for water (19), the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for preparation, handling, testing, and using radiochromic liquid dosimetry systems of radiochromic dye solutions held in sealed or capped containers (for example, ampoules, vials). It also covers the use of spectrophotometric or photometric readout equipment for measuring absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons and electrons.
1.2 This practice applies to radiochromic liquid dosimeter solutions that can be used within part or all of the specified ranges as follows:
1.2.1 The absorbed dose range is from 0.5 to 40 000 Gy for photons and electrons.
1.2.2 The absorbed dose rate is from 10−3 to 1011 Gy/s.
1.2.3 The radiation energy range for photons is from 0.01 to 20 MeV.
1.2.4 The radiation energy range for electrons is from 0.01 to 20 MeV.
NOTE 1—Since electrons with energies less than 0.01 MeV may not penetrate the container of the solution, the solutions may be stirred in an open beaker with the electrons entering the solutions directly (1).
1.2.5 The irradiation temperature range is from −40 to +60°C.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers the procedures for preparation, handling, testing, and using radiochromic liquid dosimetry systems of radiochromic dye solutions held in sealed or capped containers (for example, ampoules, vials). It also covers the use of spectrophotometric or photometric readout equipment for measuring absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons and electrons.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E61 on Radiation Processing and ISO/TC 85/WG 3, this practice was withdrawn in February 2020. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement b...

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 20-Mar-2012
• Withdrawal Date: 01-Mar-2020
• ICS: 17.240 - Radiation measurements
• Technical Committee: E61 - Radiation Processing
• Drafting Committee: E61.02 - Dosimetry Systems

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
ISO/ASTM 51540:2004 (Reapproved 2012)(E)
Standard Practice for
Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51540; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope 2. Referenced documents
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for preparation, 2.1 ASTM Standards:
handling, testing, and using radiochromic liquid dosimetry C912Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Techni-
systemsofradiochromicdyesolutionsheldinsealedorcapped cal Glasses
containers(forexample,ampoules,vials).Italsocoverstheuse E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
of spectrophotometric or photometric re+adout equipment for Dosimetry
measuring absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons E275PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformanceof
and electrons. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
1.2 This practice applies to radiochromic liquid dosimeter
or X Radiation
solutions that can be used within part or all of the specified
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
ranges as follows:
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed
1.2.1 The absorbed dose range is from 0.5 to 40000 Gy for
DoseinRadiation-HardnessTestingofElectronicDevices
photons and electrons.
−3 11 E925Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-
1.2.2 The absorbed dose rate is from 10 to 10 Gy/s.
Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth
1.2.3 Theradiationenergyrangeforphotonsisfrom0.01to
does not Exceed 2 nm
20 MeV.
E958Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of
1.2.4 The radiation energy range for electrons is from 0.01
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
to 20 MeV.
E1026Practice for Using the Fricke Dosimetry System
NOTE 1—Since electrons with energies less than 0.01 MeV may not
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
penetrate the container of the solution, the solutions may be stirred in an
51261Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry
open beaker with the electrons entering the solutions directly (
1).
Systems for Radiation Processing
1.2.5 The irradiation temperature range is from −40 to
51400Practice for Characterization and Performance of a
+60°C.
High-Dose Gamma Radiation Dosimetry Calibration
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Laboratory
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
51707Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Radiation Processing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. surements (ICRU) Reports:
ICRU Report 14Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and Gamma
RayswithMaximumPhotonEnergiesBetween0.6and50
MeV
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
ICRU Report 17Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays Generated at
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Potentials of 5 to 150 kV
CurrenteditionapprovedMarch21,2012.PublishedNovember2012.Originally
ε1
published as E1540–93. Last previous ASTM edition E1540–98 . ASTM
E1540–93 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
15565:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For
51540:2004(2012)(E) replaces ISO 15565 and is a reapproval of the last previous Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
edition ISO/ASTM 51540:2004(E). Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
2 4
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothebibliographyattheendofthis Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and
practice. Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
© ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51540:2004 (2012)(E)
ICRU Report 34The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation placeintheradiochromicsolutionmodifyingtheamplitudesof
ICRU Report 35Radiation Dosimetry: Electron Beams with optical absorption bands (8-10). Absorbance values are mea-
Energies between 1 and 50 MeV sured at the selected wavelength(s) within these affected
ICRUReport37StoppingPowersforElectronsandPhotons absorption bands (see also ISO/ASTM Guide 51261).
ICRU Report 44Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry
4.2 In the use of a specific dosimetry system, a calibration
and Measurement
curve or response function relates the dosimeter’s response to
ICRU Report 60Fundamental Quantities and Units for
an absorbed dose traceable to a nationally or internationally
Ionizing Radiation
recognized standard (11, 12).
3. Terminology
4.3 The absorbed dose that is measured is usually specified
inwater.Absorbeddoseinothermaterialsmaybeevaluatedby
3.1 Definitions:
applyingtheconversionfactorsdiscussedinISO/ASTMGuide
3.1.1 calibration curve—graphical representation of the do-
51261.
simetry system’s response function.
3.1.2 dosimeter batch—quantity of dosimeters made from a
NOTE2—Foracomprehensivediscussionofvariousdosimetrymethods
specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated applicable to the radiation types and energies discussed in this practice,
see ICRU Reports 14, 17, 34, 35, and 37.
in a single production run under controlled, consistent condi-
tions and having a unique identification code.
4.4 These dosimetry systems may be used in the industrial
3.1.3 dosimetry system—system used for determining ab- radiation processing of a variety of products, for example the
sorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instru- sterilization of medical devices and radiation processing of
ments and their associated reference standards, and procedures foods (5, 7, 13).
for the system’s use.
4.5 The available dynamic range indicated in 1.2.1 is
3.1.4 measurement quality assurance plan—documented
achieved by using a variety of radiochromic leuco dyes (Table
program for the measurement process that ensures on a
1) in a variety of solutions (Table 2).
continuing basis that the overall uncertainty meets the require-
4.6 The ingredients of the solutions, in particular the
mentsofthespecificapplication.Thisplanrequirestraceability
solvents, can be varied so as to simulate a number of materials
to, and consistency with, nationally or internationally recog-
in terms of the photon mass energy-absorption coefficients,
nized standards.
(µ /ρ),forX-raysandgamma-raysandelectronmasscollision
en
3.1.5 molar linear absorption coeffıcient (ε )—constant re-
m
stopping powers, [(1/ρ) dE/dx], over a broad spectral energy
lating the spectrophotometric absorbance, A , of an optically
λ
range from 0.01 to 100 MeV (18). For special applications
absorbing molecular species at a given wavelength (λ) per unit
certain tissue-equivalent radiochromic solutions have been
pathlength (d) to the molar concentration, c, of that species in
designed to simulate various materials and anatomical tissues,
2 −1
solution (2-4): ε =A /(d×c). SI Unit: m mol .
m λ
in terms of values of (µ /ρ) for photons and [(1/ρ) dE/dx] for
en
3.1.6 net absorbance, ∆A—change in measured optical ab-
electrons (18) (see also ICRU Report 44). Tabulations of the
sorbance at a selected wavelength determined as the absolute
valuesof(µ /ρ)forwater (19),theanatomicaltissues (17, 19),
en
difference between the pre-irradiation absorbance, A , and the
and three specially designed radiochromic solutions, for pho-
post-irradiationabsorbance,A,asfollows(2,3):∆A=|A−A |.
tons over the energy range from 0.01 to 20 MeV, and
3.1.7 radiochromicliquiddosimeter—speciallypreparedso- tabulations of the values of [(1/ρ) dE/dx] (17) for water, the
lution containing ingredients that undergo change in optical tissues and the radiochromic solutions for electrons over the
absorbance under ionizing radiation. This change in optical energy range from 0.01 to 20 MeV are given in Refs (12, 13,
absorbance can be related to absorbed dose in water. 18). For additional information see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261,
ASTM Practice E666, and ICRU Reports 14, 17, 35, 37, and
3.1.8 responsefunction—mathematicalrepresentationofthe
44.
relationshipbetweendosimeterresponseandabsorbeddosefor
a given dosimetry system.
5. Apparatus
3.1.9 specific net absorbance (∆k)—Net absorbance, ∆ A,at
a selected wavelength divided by the optical pathlength, d,
5.1 The following shall be used to determine absorbed dose
through the dosimeter material as follows: ∆k= ∆A/d. with radiochromic liquid dosimetry systems:
5.1.1 Batch or Portion of a Batch of Radiochromic Liquid.
3.2 Definitions of other terms used in this standard that
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found 5.1.2 Spectrophotometer or Photometer, having documenta-
inASTM Terminology E170. Definitions in E170 are compat-
tion covering analysis wavelengths, accuracy of wavelength
iblewithICRU60;thatdocument,therefore,maybeusedasan selection, absorbance determination, analysis bandwidth, and
alternative reference.
stray light rejection. The spectrophotometer should be able to
read visible spectrum absorbance values of up to 2 with an
4. Significance and use
uncertainty of no more than61%.
4.1 The radiochromic liquid dosimetry system provides a 5.1.3 Glass Cuvettes, having optical windows and path
means of measuring absorbed dose in materials (5-7). Under lengthsof5to100mm,dependingonthedoserangeofinterest
the influence of ionizing radiation, chemical reactions take and on the size of the dosimeter ampoule used for irradiation.
© ISO/ASTM International 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51540:2004 (2012)(E)
TABLE 1 Three Available Radiochromic Leuco Dyes, Their Molecular Structures, Molecular Weights, and Values of ε and Color Index
m
Numbers of the Parent Dyes (14, 15)
Molar Linear Absorption
Radiochromic Leuco Dye (code) Molecular Structure Molecular Weight Color Index No.
A −1 −1
Coefficient (L mol cm )
Pararosaniline cyanide (PRC) (See diagram below left) 314.376 140 000 (λ = 550 nm) 42 500
Hexa(hydroxyethyl)pararosaniline (See diagram below center) 578.715 100 000 (λ = 600 nm) (none given)
cyanide (HHEVC)
New fuchsin cyanide (NFC) (See diagram below right) 356.455 130 000 (λ = 560 nm) 42 500
A
These values of molar linear absorption coefficients are given in Ref (14, 16) for 2-methoxyethanol solutions containing 17 mM acetic acid. The values may vary somewhat
in other solvents and with other additives.
TABLE 2 Selected Radiochromic Solution Formulations and the Radiation Chemical Yields of Dye Cations in Solution
Radiochromic Radiochromic Leuco Wavelength for
Radiation Chemical Nominal Dose
Leuco Dye Solution Formulation Dye Concentration Spectrophotometer, References
−1
Yield, µmol J Range, Gy
−1
(See Table 1) (mmol L ) nm
HHEVC Dissolve in 2-methoxy ethanol containing 17 mmol 5 599 0.025 10–1000 (5)
−1
L acetic acid
PRC Dissolve in 2-methoxy ethanol containing 51 mmol 5 549 0.033 10–3000 (1)
−1
L acetic acid
NFC Dissolve in dimethyl sulfoxide containing 17 mmol 0.1 554 0.0031 100–30 000 (14)
−1
L acetic acid
PRC Dissolve in dimethyl sulfoxide containing 17 mmol 5 554 0.0040 3–40 000 (11)
−1 −1
L acetic acid and 30 mmol L nitrobenzene
HHEVC Dissolve in mixture of 85 % n-propanol and 15 % 2 605 0.0051 50–5000 (15)
triethylphosphate (by volume), containing 34
−1
mmol L acetic acid, 500 parts-per-million
nitrobenzoic acid and 10 % polyvinyl butyral (by
weight)
NFC Dissolve in mixture of 85 % triethylphosphate and 2 557 0.0055 100–10 000 (12)
15 % dimethyl sulfoxide (by volume), containing
68 mM acetic acid, 500 parts-per-million
nitrobenzoic acid and 10 % polyvinyl butyral (by
weight)
HHEVC Dissolve in mixture of 85 % triethylphosphate and 100 608 0.28 0.5–10 (17)
15 % dimethyl sulfoxide (by volume), containing
68 mM acetic acid, 500 parts-per-million
nitrobenzoic acid and 10 % polyvinyl butyral (by
weight)
Glass flow cells with parallel optical windows may be an equipped with a tightly closed cap. The solution should be
alternative means of holding the solutions for spectrophotom-
stored at <30°C in the dark.
etry.
NOTE 3—Any glass container should be cleaned with laboratory
5.1.4 Clean glass containers may be used for storage or
distilled water and detergent, rinsed with doubly distilled water and then
irradiation of the solutions.
with ethanol, dried at elevated temperature (>300°C) and cooled to
5.1.4.1 Containers for storing the solutions should have
ambient laboratory temperature before being used to hold the dosimetric
glass, aluminum, or polyethylene liners for the lids. The lids
solution.Formoredetailoncleaningglassware,seeASTMPracticeC912.
should be compatible with the unirradiated and irradiated
NOTE 4—The glass ampoules or vials for irradiation commonly have
solution.
capacities of 2 to 5 mL. The glass is commonly amber to protect the
5.1.4.2 Use glass ampoules which are flame sealed for solution from stray ultraviolet light.
containing the solution during irradiation, or alternatively,
glassvialswithlidshavingaluminumorpolyethyleneliners,or
disposable plastic vials, using only polymeric materials known
to be resistant to any chemical effects by the solvents that are
used.Anothertypeofcontainerforirradiationmaybeacuvette
© ISO/ASTM International 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51540:2004 (2012)(E)
6. Performance check of instrumentation an irritant on extended exposure. Appropriate precautions as
recommended by the suppliers of ingredients shall be exer-
6.1 Checkanddocumenttheperformanceofthephotometer
cised.
or spectrophotometer. (For detailed information on these per-
formancechecks,seeASTMPracticesE275,E925,andE958.) NOTE 5—Some of the solutions listed in Table 2 are supplied as
standard reference dosimeters, with well-characterized linear responses
Use reference standards traceable to national or international
over specified dose ranges, irradiation temperature-dependence values,
standards.
radiation chemical yields, and linear molar absorption coefficients (12,
6.1.1 When using a photometer, estimate and document the
16). Such solutions do not always need calibration and may be used with
accuracy of the absorbance at time intervals not to exceed one appropriate radiation chemical yields and values of ε at an assigned
m
spectrophotometric wavelength for the evaluation of absorbed dose in
month during periods of use, or whenever there are indications
water (see (16) and AST
...