ASTM C1040/C1040M-08(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete, Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete, Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods are useful as rapid, nondestructive techniques for the in-place determination of the density of unhardened concrete. The backscatter test method is also useful for the same purpose on hardened concrete. The fundamental assumptions inherent in the test methods are that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material under test is homogeneous.
3.2 These test methods are suitable for control and for assisting in acceptance testing during construction, for evaluation of concrete quality subsequent to construction, and for research and development. Note 1—Care must be taken when using these test methods in monitoring the degree of consolidation, which is the ratio of the actual density achieved to the maximum density attainable with a particular concrete. The test methods presented here are used to determine the actual density. A density measurement, by any test method, is a function of the components of the concrete and may vary, to some extent, in response to the normal, acceptable variability of those components.
3.3 Test results may be affected by reinforcing steel, by the chemical composition of concrete constituents, and by sample heterogeneity. The variations resulting from these influences are minimized by instrument design and by the user's compliance with appropriate sections of the test procedure. Results of tests by the backscatter test method may also be affected by the density of underlying material. The backscatter test method exhibits spatial bias in that the apparatus's sensitivity to the material under it decreases with distance from the surface of the concrete.Note 2—Typically, backscatter gauge readings represent the density in the top 75 to 100 mm [3 to 4 in.] of material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the in-place density of unhardened and hardened concrete, including roller compacted concrete, by gamma radiation. For notes on the nuclear test see Appendix X1.
1.2 Two test methods are described, as follows:
Section
Test Method A—Direct Transmission
Test Method B—Backscatter
7
8
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: C1040/C1040M − 08(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Methods for
In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete,
1
Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1040/C1040M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* unhardened concrete. The backscatter test method is also
useful for the same purpose on hardened concrete. The
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
fundamental assumptions inherent in the test methods are that
in-place density of unhardened and hardened concrete, includ-
Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the
ing roller compacted concrete, by gamma radiation. For notes
material under test is homogeneous.
on the nuclear test see Appendix X1.
3.2 These test methods are suitable for control and for
1.2 Two test methods are described, as follows:
assisting in acceptance testing during construction, for evalu-
Section
ation of concrete quality subsequent to construction, and for
Test MethodA—Direct Transmission 7
research and development.
Test Method B—Backscatter 8
NOTE 1—Care must be taken when using these test methods in
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
monitoring the degree of consolidation, which is the ratio of the actual
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
density achieved to the maximum density attainable with a particular
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
concrete.The test methods presented here are used to determine the actual
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining density. A density measurement, by any test method, is a function of the
components of the concrete and may vary, to some extent, in response to
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
the normal, acceptable variability of those components.
with the standard.
3.3 Test results may be affected by reinforcing steel, by the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
chemical composition of concrete constituents, and by sample
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
heterogeneity. The variations resulting from these influences
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
are minimized by instrument design and by the user’s compli-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ance with appropriate sections of the test procedure. Results of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tests by the backscatter test method may also be affected by the
2. Referenced Documents
density of underlying material. The backscatter test method
2
exhibits spatial bias in that the apparatus’s sensitivity to the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material under it decreases with distance from the surface of
C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
the concrete.
and Voids in Aggregate
NOTE 2—Typically, backscatter gauge readings represent the density in
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield,
the top 75 to 100 mm [3 to 4 in.] of material.
and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
4. Apparatus
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
4.1 The exact details of construction of the apparatus may
3. Significance and Use
vary,buttheapparatusasawholeshallsatisfytherequirements
3.1 These test methods are useful as rapid, nondestructive for system precision stated in Annex A1. The system shall
techniques for the in-place determination of the density of
consist of the following:
4.1.1 Gamma Source—An encapsulated and sealed radio-
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
isotopic source, such as cesium-137 (see X1.2).
Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4.1.2 Detector—Any type of gamma detector, such as a
C09.45 on Roller-Compacted Concrete.
Geiger-Müller tube, scintillation crystal, or proportional coun-
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally
ter.
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1040 – 08. DOI:
10.1520/C1040_C1040M-08R13.
4.1.3 Probe—For direct transmission measurements, either
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
thegammasourceorthedetectorshallbehousedinaprobefor
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
inserting in a preformed hole in the material to be tested. The
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM we
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