ASTM E949-88(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Laboratory Sample (Withdrawn 2004)
Standard Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Laboratory Sample (Withdrawn 2004)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The collection and treatment of the sample as specified herein is intended for the specific purpose of determining the total moisture in a laboratory sample of RDF.
This test method is available as the method for the determination of total moisture unless alternative techniques or modifications have been agreed upon by involved parties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total moisture in RDF as it exists at the time it is sampled. Because of its empirical nature, strict adherence to test procedures are required for valid results. The standard is available to producers, vendors, and consumers as a total, two-stage moisture method.
1.2 Since RDF can vary from extremely wet (water saturated) to relatively dry, special emphasis must be placed on sampling, sample preparation, and the method of determination.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section .
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the measurement of the total moisture in RDF as it exists at the time it is sampled. Because of its empirical nature, strict adherence to test procedures are required for valid results.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D34 on Waste Management, this standard was withdrawn without replacement in July 2011 because of limited use by industry in light of analogous standards for coal.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:E949–88(Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Laboratory Sample
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E949; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope sample are to take place. In order to bring about the equilib-
rium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying under controlled
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total
temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40°C.
moisture in RDF as it exists at the time it is sampled. Because
3.2 analysis sample—the final subsample prepared from the
of its empirical nature, strict adherence to test procedures are
air-dried laboratory sample but reduced by passing through a
required for valid results. The standard is available to produc-
mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) size or smaller final screen.
ers, vendors, and consumers as a total, two-stage moisture
3.3 bias—a systematic error that is consistently negative or
method.
consistentlypositive.Themeanoferrorsresultingfromaseries
1.2 Since RDF can vary from extremely wet (water satu-
of observations that does not tend towards zero.
rated) to relatively dry, special emphasis must be placed on
3.4 gross sample—a sample representing one lot and com-
sampling, sample preparation, and the method of determina-
posed of a number of increments on which neither reduction
tion.
nor division has been performed.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.5 laboratory sample—a representative portion of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
gross sample received by the laboratory for analysis.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.6 lot—a large designated quantity (greater than the quan-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tity of the final sample) of RDF which can be represented by a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard state-
properly selected gross sample.
ment, see Section 7.
3.7 precision—a term used to indicate the capability of a
2. Referenced Documents
person, an instrument, or a method to obtain reproducible
results; specifically, a measure of the random error as ex-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
pressed by the variance, the standard error, or a multiple of the
D3173 Test Method for Moisture in theAnalysis Sample of
standard error.
Coal and Coke
3.8 forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF):
E790 Test Method for Residual Moisture in a Refuse-
RDF-1—Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form.
Derived Fuel Analysis Sample
RDF-2—Wastes processed to coarse particle size with or
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
without ferrous metal separation.
Laboratory Samples for Analysis
RDF-3—shredded fuel derived from municipal solid waste
3. Terminology Definitions
(MSW) that has been processed to remove metal, glass, and
other inorganics. This material has a particle size such that 95
3.1 air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF to bring
weight % passes through a 2-in. (50-mm) square mesh screen.
its moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in
RDF-4—Combustiblewasteprocessedintopowderform,95
which further reduction, division, and characterization of the
weight % passing 10-mesh screening.
RDF-5—Combustible waste densified (compressed) into the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 onTreatment,
RDF-6—Combustible waste processed into liquid fuel.
Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originally RDF-7—Combustible waste processed into gaseous fuel.
publishedasE949 – 83.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin1996asE949 – 88(1996).
3.9 representative sample—a sample collected in such a
DOI: 10.1520/E0949-88R04.
manner that it has characteristics equivalent to the lot sampled.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.10 sample division—the process of extracting a smaller
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
sample from a sample so that the representative properties of
the ASTM website.
thelargersampleareretained.Duringthisprocessitisassumed
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
that no change in particle size or other characteristics occurs.
on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E949–88 (2004)
3.11 sample preparation—the process that includes drying, four times a minute, with the intake air dried by passing it
size reduction, division, and mixing of a laboratory sample for through a desiccant. An oven similar to the one illustrated in
the purpose of obtaining an unbiased analysis sample. Fig. 1, Moisture Oven, of Test Method D3173 is suitable.
3.12 sample reduction—the process whereby sample par- 6.3.1.2 Routine Type—Adrying oven of either the mechani-
ticle size is reduced without change in sample weight. cal or natural circulation type which is capable of constant
3.13 significant loss—any loss that introduces a bias in final uniform temperature within the specimen chamber regulated at
results that is of appreciable importance to concerned parties. 107 6 3°C.
NOTE 1—Either type of oven may be used for routine determinations.
4. Summary of Test Method
However, the referee-type oven shall be used to resolve differences
between determinations.
4.1 This test method is based on the loss in weight of RDF
in an air atmosphere under controlled conditions of tempera-
6.3.2 Containers—A convenient form that allows the ash
ture, time, and air flow.
determination to be made on the same sample is a porcelain
4.2 The laboratory sample is air-dried to near equilibrium
capsule 22 mm in depth and 44 mm in diameter or a fused
with the atmosphere in the area where division and reduction
silica capsule of similar shape. This shall be used with a
will take place.The residual moisture determination is made in
well-fitting flat aluminum cover. Platinum crucibles or glass
a heated, forced-circulation oven, under rigidly defined condi-
capsuleswithgroundglasscapsmayalsobeused.Theyshould
tions.
be as shallow as possible consistent with convenient handle-
4.3 Thetotalmoistureiscalculatedfromlossesinair-drying
ability.
and the residual moisture as shown in 11.
6.3.3 Analytical Balance, with 0.1 mg sensitivity.
6.3.4 Analysis Sample Containers—Heavy (minimum 4
5. Significance and Use
mil), vapor-impervious bags, properly sealed; or noncorroding
cans, glass jars, or plastic bottles with air-tight sealing covers
5.1 The collection and treatment of the sample as specified
herein is intended for the specific purpose of determining the to store RDF samples for analysis. Containers shall be checked
for suitability by measuring weight loss or gain of the sample
total moisture in a laboratory sample of RDF.
5.2 This test method is available as the method for the and container stored for 1 week under ambient laboratory
conditions. The weight loss or gain should be less than 0.5 %
determination of total moisture unless alternative techniques or
modifications have been agreed upon by involved parties. of the sample weight stored in container.
6. Apparatus 7. Hazards
6.1 Air Dry Moisture: 7.1 Due to the origins of RDF in municipal waste, common
6.1.1 Drying Oven—Alargechambermechanicaldraftoven sense dictates that some precautions should be observed when
capable of maintaining a controlled temperature in the range of conducting tests on the samples. Recommended hygienic
25 to 40°C.Air changes should be at the rate of 1 to 4 changes practices include use of gloves when handling RDF; wearing
per minute.Air flow should be baffled to prevent samples from dust masks (NIOSH-approved type), especially when shred-
being blown out of the sample containers. ding RDF samples; conducting tests under negative pressure
6.1.2 Drying Pan—A non-corroding pan or mesh basket to hood when possible; and when washing hands before eating or
be used for holding the sample during air drying operations. smoking.
6.1.3 Balance (Laboratory Sample)—Abalanceofsufficient 7.2 Laboratory sample handling shall be performed by
capacitytoweighthesampleandcontainerwithasensitivityof trained personnel. Al
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