ASTM E1135-97(2003)

Standard Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the techniques for comparing the brightness of the penetrants used in the fluorescent dye penetrant process. This comparison is performed under controlled conditions which eliminate most of the variables present in actual penetrant examination. Thus, the brightness factor is isolated and is measured independently of the other factors which affect the performance of a penetrant system.
1.2 The brightness of a penetrant indication is dependent on the developer with which it is used. This test method however, measures the brightness of a penetrant on a convenient filter paper substrate which serves as a substitute for the developer.
1.3 The brightness measurement obtained is color-corrected to approximate the color response of the average human eye. Since most examination is done by human eyes, this number has more practical value than a measurement in units of energy emitted. Also, the comparisons are expressed as a percentage of some chosen standard penetrant because no absolute system of measurement exists at this time.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jul-2003
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.03 - Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1135-97 - Standard Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2003
• Replaced By: ASTM E1135-97(2008)e1 - Standard Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2008
• Referred By: ASTM E1417/E1417M-21e1 - Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2003

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1135 – 97 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method describes the techniques for comparing 4.1 Simulated indications are prepared by impregnating
the brightness of the penetrants used in the fluorescent dye filterpaperwithaspecifiedquantityofthepenetrantundertest.
penetrant process. This comparison is performed under con- The samples and similarly prepared standards are then mea-
trolledconditionswhicheliminatemostofthevariablespresent sured in a fluorometer equipped to excite the penetrant with
in actual penetrant examination. Thus, the brightness factor is near ultraviolet (black) light and respond to color approxi-
isolated and is measured independently of the other factors mately as does the human eye under the conditions encoun-
which affect the performance of a penetrant system. tered during a normal examination. The fluorometer must be
1.2 The brightness of a penetrant indication is dependent on equipped with a special sample holder to accept the samples
the developer with which it is used. This test method however, employed.
measures the brightness of a penetrant on a convenient filter 4.2 The sample preparation is not indicative of the total
paper substrate which serves as a substitute for the developer. system performance but is convenient as a lot acceptance test.
1.3 The brightness measurement obtained is color-corrected A known amount of penetrant is diluted with a specified
to approximate the color response of the average human eye. amountofavolatilesolvent,piecesoffilterpaperaresoakedin
Since most examination is done by human eyes, this number the mixture, the paper is dried under specified conditions at
has more practical value than a measurement in units of energy room temperature, placed in the sample holder, and measured
emitted.Also,thecomparisonsareexpressedasapercentageof with the fluorometer.
some chosen standard penetrant because no absolute system of
5. Significance and Use
measurement exists at this time.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 5.1 The penetrant is one of the major components of the
fluorescent penetrant process, and very influential in the degree
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of performance attained by a given system or group of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- materials. The penetrant must enter the discontinuity, be
removed from the part surface but not from the discontinuity,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bebroughtoutofthediscontinuitybythedeveloper,andfinally
2. Referenced Documents
viewed and detected by the inspector. If all processing param-
2.1 ASTM Standards: eters are optimized for the parts being examined and the
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to examination materials in use, the intrinsic brightness of the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method penetrant becomes the factor which governs the sensitivity of
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations the system.
5.2 Because the eye responds logarithmically rather than
3. Terminology
linearly to changes of brightness, differences in brightness
3.1 Definitions:
must be fairly large to be significant. Differences of 25 % are
3.1.1 Definitionsoftermsapplicabletothistestmethodmay obvious, 12 % noticeable, and 6 % detectable by the eye.
be found in Terminology E 1316.
Experts may sometimes detect 3 % differences, but these are
not usually significant to the average observer.
5.3 The significance of the results also depends on the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
deviation between readings on the same material sample.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.
Different samples, even when prepared out of the same initial
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originally
quantity of penetrant will not exactly reproduce readings.
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1135 – 97.
These differences occur because of paper differences and
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
penetrant migration on the paper samples.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1135 – 97 (2003)
5.4 To determine the confidence limits for the test results, it 6.7 Silica Gel, for use as desiccant.
is necessary to perform certain statistical calculations. The
7. Sample Preparation
confidence limits are determined by the equation:
7.1 Sample Preparation—Normally a set of samples of a
¯
CL 5 X 6 ts/ n (1)
=
standard material must be prepared along with any test
FIG. 1 Turner Fluorometer, with Door Open Showing Sample Holder and Filters in Place
samples.
where:
7.1.1 Pipet 1.0 mL of chosen penetrant into a 25-mL
CL = the limits within which we can be confident the value
stoppered volumetric flask.
lies,
¯
7.1.2 Fill flask to line with methylene chloride, stopper and
X = the average of all readings,
t = “student’s t” (values of which are given by statistical mix. (If penetrant is not soluble in methylene chloride, use
manuals), acetone.)
n = the number of readings used,
7.1.3 Pour 10 to 20 mL of mixture into a 50-mL beaker.
s = the standard deviation determined by the equation:
7.1.4 Using forceps, dip 4 papers (cut to size for sample
¯
holder in use), one at a time, into beaker, withdraw by drawing
( ~X 2 X!
S 5Π(2)
across the lip of the beaker to remove excess liquid, and clip
n 2 1
into paper drying holder. Holder shall cover as small an area of
paper as possible.
where: 7.1.5 Hang papers in a vertical position inside desiccator
X = the individual readings.
until dry. This will require approximately 5 min at room
temperature.
In this use, the 95 % confidence level (the value will lie within
,
4 5
8. Procedure for Turner Fluorometer
the limits 95 % of the time) is sufficient. At this level, t for 4
samples is 3.182.
NOTE 1—All available apparatus may not be suitable for these appli-
5.4.1 If the confidence limits of two material samples
cations.
overlap, the materials must be considered equal even though
8.1 Sample Holder, designed for the fluorometer in use.
the measured average values are different.
8.1.1 The sample holder for the Turner Fluorometers (see
Fig.1)isdetailedinFig.2.Itisdesignedforuseinthestandard
6. Apparatus
door from which the spring clip and the interior portion of the
6.1 Filter Paper,Whatman #4, a fast, open structured paper.
tube holder have been removed.
6.2 Pipets, 1-mL capacity.
6.3 Volumetric Flasks, with stopper, 25-mL.
6.4 Paper Drying Holders—“Crocodile” type battery clips
The sole source of supply for the Turner Fluorometer known to the committee
2 in. long with ⁄2 in. opening have been found satisfactory. Set at this time are Turner models 110, 111, 112 made by Sequoia-Turner of Mountain
View, CA.
up holders to allow drying inside desiccator.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to
6.5 Methylene Chloride or Acetone, technical grade.
ASTMHeadquarters.Yourcommentswillreceivecarefulconsiderationatameeting
6.6 Desiccator, 250-mm diameter or larger. of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
E 1135 – 97 (2003)
the same size as the secondary filters (8.3) and the filters
chosen for any measurement should be mounted with the
secondary filters.
8.5 Place the primary filter in the right filter holder and the
secondary filters in the left filter holder.
8.6 Insert neutral density filters in secondary filter position
and set sensitivity control (under primary filter) to “1”.
8.7 Turn on instrument and allow 15 min warm up before
use.
8.8 Place a prepared sample of the brightest material to be
measured in the sample holder.
8.9 Place holder in instrument door, close door, and note
reading. Open door and insert proper neutral density filters to
bring reading on scale, preferably in the 70 to 90 scale division
Dimensions
range.
in. mm
8.10 Open door, remove sample holder, remove sample, and
A 4.5 114.3 replace with an untreated filter paper.
B 2.186 55.52
8.11 Placesampleholderindoor,closedoor,andsetreading
C 1.125 28.575
to zero with “blank” control.
D 0.875 22.225
E 0.563 14.30 8.12 Remove blank paper and insert prepared samples for
F 0.50 12.70
measurement. Alternate samples of unknown and standard
G 0.813 20.65
materialtominim
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