ASTM C914-95(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax Immersion
Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax Immersion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used to quickly determine volume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape, provided it has sufficient structural integrity to permit handling. Thus it may be used on unfired or fired, strong or friable shapes.
Since the test may be performed quickly, it has found application as manufacturing in-process control as well as in characterizing finished refractory products. Also it may be used to examine specimens after other test or service exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for determining bulk density and volume of refractory shapes. This test is applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned or unburned, independent of composition or forming method, including materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularly suitable for determining bulk density and volume of complex shapes after forming, since results may be obtained in a matter of minutes.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Note 2.
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Designation:C 914–95 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax
Immersion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope avoid flashing of the wax vapors and to permit quickly forming
a uniform surface coating of wax.
1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for deter-
mining bulk density and volume of refractory shapes. This test
NOTE 2—Caution: Vapors given off by molten wax ignite spontane-
is applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned or
ously at above 400°F (205°C) and should not be allowed to come in
contact with the heating element or open flame.
unburned, independent of composition or forming method,
including materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularly
3.3 Balance, capable of determining the weights of the
suitable for determining bulk density and volume of complex
specimens to four significant figures. Thus, specimens weigh-
shapes after forming, since results may be obtained in a matter
ing from 100 to 999 g should be weighed to one decimal place,
of minutes.
thosefrom10to99gshouldbeweighedtotwodecimalplaces,
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and so forth.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Sampling
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 At least five representative specimens should be chosen
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
of the refractory to be characterized. These may be whole
hazard statement, see Note 2.
shapes or broken pieces, depending on the purpose of the test.
2. Significance and Use
5. Procedure
2.1 This test method may be used to quickly determine
5.1 Preparation of Specimens—The test specimens shall be
volume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape, provided
dried to a constant weight by heating to 220 to 230°F (105 to
it has sufficient structural integrity to permit handling. Thus it
110°C) to remove entrapped moisture, which would affect the
may be used on unfired or fired, strong or friable shapes.
bulk density determination. This drying process may be omit-
2.2 Since the test may be performed quickly, it has found
ted when specimens are known to be dry or when it is desired
application as manufacturing in-process control as well as in
to make density determinations on moisture-containing speci-
characterizing finished refractory products.Also it may be used
mens, such as brick shapes, immediately after forming.
to examine specimens after other test or service exposure.
5.2 Initial Weight,W—Determine the initial weight, W,of
each test specimen in grams to four significant figures.
3. Apparatus
5.3 Coating the Test Specimen:
3.1 Paraffın Wax, fully refined, that has a known constant
5.3.1 Coat the specimen with wax by dipping the specimen
density, K, that does not change after repeated melting and
into the container of melted wax. The coating is easily applied
cooling cycles.
by holding one end of the specimen and immersing one half to
two thirds of it. Then, hold the waxed end, and immerse the
NOTE 1—The paraffin waxes generally used are commercially available
unwaxed portion plus a small overlap into the wax to provide
and have density values in the range 0.87 to 0.91 g/cm .Also, these waxes
melt at approximately 135°F (57°C). a complete coating.
5.3.2 Take care not to entrap air bubbles under the wax. If
3.2 Wax-Melting Container, used to melt the wax but should
found, press these bubbles out so the wax conforms exactly to
not allow the wax to overheat.Acontainer heated by hot water,
the surface of the specimen. Close holes in the wax coating by
preferably thermostatically controlled, is satisfactory. The wax
additional dipping in wax so the surface can be completely
should be heated to only slightly above the melting point to
sealed.
5.4 Wax-Coated Weight,P—Determine the weight of the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
wax-coated specimen, P, in grams to four significant figures.
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
5.5 Suspended Weight, S:
Tests and Properties.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 914 – 95 (1999).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 914–95 (2004)
TABLE 1 Volume Measurement
Precision
Standard Deviation
Material Average Within Laboratories, Sr Between Laboratories, SL Repeatability Interval, Ir Reproducibility Interval, IR
A 397.17 0.695 0.377 1.965 1.066
B 408.51 0.592 0.245 1.674 0.693
C 408.82 0.859 0.307 2.429 0.868
D 410.56 0.801 0.370 2.265 1.046
E 411.80 0.885 0.494 2.503 1.397
Grand Average 407.37 0.766 0.359 2.167 2.933
Relative Precision
Coefficient of Variance
Material Average Within Laboratories, Between Laboratories, Relative Repeatability Relative Reproducibility
%Vr %VL Interval, % Ir Interval, % IR
A 397.17 0.175 0.095 0.495 0.269
B 408.51 0.145 0.060 0.410 0.170
C 408.82 0.210 0.075 0.594 0.212
D 410.56 0.195 0.090 0.552 0.255
E 411.80 0.215 0.120 0.608 0.339
Grand Average 407.37 0.188 0.088 0.532 0.249
5.5.1 Determine the weight of the wax-coated specimen 7. Report
suspended in water, S, in grams to four significant figures.
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