ASTM E1767-11

Standard Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of equipment for visual appraisal or measurement of appearance, those writing standards related to such equipment, and others who wish to specify precisely conditions of viewing or measuring attributes of appearance. The use of this practice makes such specifications concise and unambiguous. The functional notation facilitates direct comparisons of the geometric specifications of viewing situations and measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open sampling aperture.
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2011
• ICS: 17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
• Technical Committee: E12 - Color and Appearance
• Drafting Committee: E12.03 - Geometry

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1767-04 - Standard Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E2175-01(2021) - Standard Practice for Specifying the Geometry of Multiangle Spectrophotometers
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E284-22 - Standard Terminology of Appearance
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E1349-06(2022) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E2301-12(2022) - Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E2539-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of Interference Pigments
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E179-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E991-21 - Standard Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator Method
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1767 − 11
Standard Practice for
Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement
1
to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1767; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The appearance of objects depends on how they are illuminated and viewed. When measurements
are made to characterize appearance attributes such as color or gloss, the measured values depend on
the geometry of the illumination and the instrumentation receiving light from the specimen. This
practice for specifying the geometry in such applications is largely based on an international standard
ISO 5/1, dealing with the precise measurement of optical density in photographic science, based on
2,3
an earlier American National Standard.
1. Scope are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional
notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and
viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical
2. Referenced Documents
measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional
E284 Terminology of Appearance
notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen,
2.2 Other Standard:
the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a
ISO 5/1 Photography—Density Measurements—Part 1:
specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or
5
Terms, Symbols and Notations
transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by
the open sampling aperture.
3. Terminology
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of
3.1 Definitions:
retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they
3.1.1 The terminology used in this practice is in accordance
are treated in otherASTM standards and are excluded from the
with Terminology E284.
scope of this practice.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from
3.2.1 anormal angle, n—an angle measured from the
areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical
normal, toward the reference plane, to the central axis of a
coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded
distribution, which may be an angular distribution of flux in an
from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts
incident beam or distribution of sensitivity of a receiver.
described in this practice have been adopted in that field of
3.2.2 aspecular angle, n—the angle subtended at the origin
measurement.
by the specular axis and the axis of the receiver, the positive
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflect- direction being away from the specular axis.
ing or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of
3.2.3 aspecular azimuthal angle, n—the angle subtended, at
characterizingappearance,isincompletewithoutafulldescrip-
the specular axis in a plane normal to the specular axis, by the
tion of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions
projection of the axis of the receiver and the projection of the
x-axis on that plane, measured from the projection of the x-axis
1
in a right-handed sense with respect to the specular axis.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally
4
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1767 – 04. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E1767-11. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
ISO1/5 Photograhpy — Density Measurements — Part 1: Terms, symbols, and Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
notations. the ASTM website.
3 5
ANSIPH2.36–1974AmericanNationalStandardsterms,symbols,andnotation Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
for optical transmission and reflection measurements. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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E1767 − 11
3.2.4 efflux, n—radiant flux reflected by a specimen or
g = general symbol, in functional notation, for efflux
reflection standard, in the case of reflection observations or
geometry.
measureme
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1767–04 Designation: E1767 – 11
Standard Practice for
Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement
1
to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1767; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The appearance of objects depends on how they are illuminated and viewed. When measurements
are made to characterize appearance attributes such as color or gloss, the measured values depend on
the geometry of the illumination and the instrumentation receiving light from the specimen. This
practice for specifying the geometry in such applications is largely based on an international standard
ISO 5/1, dealing with the precise measurement of optical density in photographic science, based on
2,3
an earlier American National Standard.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical
measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional
notationtodescribethegeometricorientationofaspecimen,thegeometryoftheillumination(oropticalirradiation)ofaspecimen,
and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open
sampling aperture.
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are
treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical
coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts
described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of
characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are
not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E284 Terminology of Appearance
2.2 Other Standard:
5
ISO 5/1 Photography—Density Measurements—Part 1: Terms, Symbols and Notations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The terminology used in this practice is in accordance with Terminology E284.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 anormal angle, n—an angle measured from the normal, toward the reference plane, to the central axis of a distribution,
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approved in 1995. Discontinued December 2003 and reinstated in 2004 as E1767–04. DOI:
10.1520/E1767-04.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1767 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/E1767-11.
2
ISO1/5 Photograhpy — Density Measurements — Part 1: Terms, symbols, and notations.
3
ANSI PH2.36–1974 American National Standards terms, symbols, and notation for optical transmission and reflection measurements.
4
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
5
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1767 – 11
which may be an angular distribution of flux in an incident beam or distribution of sensitivity of a receiver.
3.2.2 aspecular angle, n—the angle subtended at the origin by the specular axis and the axis of the receiver, the positive
direction being away from the specular axis.
3.2.3 aspecular azimuthal angle, n—th
...