ASTM F3045-15e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard test is necessary to establish a behavior pattern for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.
4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil conditions such as weathering. Results from this test method form a baseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.
4.3 This test has been developed over many years using standardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcome difficulties noted in other test procedures.
4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures and degrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures which may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable with respect to the type formed
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation: F3045 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-
oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
1
Mixed with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—The numbering in Section 3 was editorially corrected in May 2016.
1. Scope 2.2 The resulting mixture as created in step 2.1, is charac-
terizedvisually,bymeasuringwatercontentandbyrheological
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the
measurements. The mixture is then classified as a stable,
water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the
meso-stable, unstable emulsion or an entrained water mixture.
laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil
Each of these four types of mixtures has different characteris-
behavior data for input into oil spill models.
tics affecting the oils behavior once spilled.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determin-
ing emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures
3. Terminology
which may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are
3.1.1 complex modulus—One of the results of viscoelastic
intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and
measurement, a measure of the resistance of a viscoelastic
petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.
substance to flow under an applied dynamic stress, combining
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be
both the non-reversible (viscous) flow of the test substance and
used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as the reversible (elastic) deformation of the test substance.
input to oil spill models.
3.1.2 emulsion—Atype of colloid, specifically, a dispersion
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on of small droplets of one liquid in another.
the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils
3.1.2.1 meso-stable emulsions—Emulsions which lack one
can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their
or more of the compositional factors necessary to form a stable
chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils
emulsion, but which are sufficiently stable to persist for short
are relatively stable with respect to the type formed
periods, typically a few days.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2.2 stable emulsions—Emulsions that persist
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
indefinitely, consisting of fine droplets with a rigid film
standard.
interface which resists coalescence.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2.3 unstable emulsions—Mixtures of water and oil
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
which resolve rapidly into two phases, usually within a few
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
minutes to hours. There may be residual water remaining in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
low percentages.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2.4 water-in-oil emulsion—An emulsion consisting of a
2. Summary of Test Method
continuous phase of oil containing a dispersed phase of water.
2.1 Oil is mixed with 33‰ (3.3%) saline water for 12 h in 3.1.3 entrained water—This is not an emulsion but a me-
a standard rotating apparatus. The resulting mixture is charac- chanical mixture of oil and water which has not separated due
terized after this shaking period. to the physical properties of the water and oil.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Typically, the oil and water have simi-
lar densities and the oil phase has a high viscosity.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on
Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of
3.1.4 rag—The remnant of a broken water-in-oil emulsion.
Subcommittee F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Rag will not reform an emulsion. Rag
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI:
10.1520/F3045–15E01. is thought to consist of tightly bound asphaltenes and resins.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F3045 − 15
3.1.5 stability index—Anindexdescribingthestabilityofan which this oil was sampled, different results may occur. Other
emulsion. oils are not as sensitive.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In this sta
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: F3045 − 15 F3045 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-
oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
1
Mixed with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—The numbering in Section 3 was editorially corrected in May 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the laboratory.
The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures which
may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum
products at sea and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input
to oil spill models.
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can
form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively
stable with respect to the type formed
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Summary of Test Method
2.1 Oil is mixed with 33‰ (3.3%) saline water for 12 h in a standard rotating apparatus. The resulting mixture is characterized
after this shaking period.
2.2 The resulting mixture as created in step 2.1, is characterized visually, by measuring water content and by rheological
measurements. The mixture is then classified as a stable, meso-stable, unstable emulsion or an entrained water mixture. Each of
these four types of mixtures has different characteristics affecting the oils behavior once spilled.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 complex modulus—One of the results of viscoelastic measurement, a measure of the resistance of a viscoelastic substance
to flow under an applied dynamic stress, combining both the non-reversible (viscous) flow of the test substance and the reversible
(elastic) deformation of the test substance.
3.1.2 emulsion—A type of colloid, specifically, a dispersion of small droplets of one liquid in another.
3.1.2.1 meso-stable emulsions—Emulsions which lack one or more of the compositional factors necessary to form a stable
emulsion, but which are sufficiently stable to persist for short periods, typically a few days.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI: 10.1520/F3045–1510.1520/F3045–15E01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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F3045 − 15
3.1.2.2 stable emulsions—Emulsions that persist indefinitely, consisting of fine droplets with a rigid film interface which resists
coalescence.
3.1.2.3 unstable emulsions—Mixtures of water and oil which resolve rapidly into two phases, usually within a few minutes to
hours. There may be residual water remaining in low percentages.
3.1.2.4 water-in-oil emulsion—An emulsion consisting of a continuous phase of oil containing a dispersed phase of water.
3.1.3 entrained water—This is not an emulsion but a mechanical mixture of oil and water which has not separated due to the
physical properties of the water and oil.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Typically, the oil and water have similar densities and the oil phase has a high viscosity.rag—The remnant of a broken water-in-oil
emulsion.
3.1.3.1 Disc
...
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