ASTM F1815-97
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Saturated Hydraulic Conducitivity, Water Retention, Porosity, Particle Density, and Bulk Density of Putting Green and Sports Turf Root Zones (Withdrawn 2006)
Standard Test Method for Saturated Hydraulic Conducitivity, Water Retention, Porosity, Particle Density, and Bulk Density of Putting Green and Sports Turf Root Zones (Withdrawn 2006)
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention, porosity (including distribution of capillary an air-filled porosity at a known matric potential), and particle and bulk densities on root zone mixes to be used to for construction and topdressing of golf course putting greens including United States Golf Association (USGA) recommended greens or other highly trafficked turfgrass areas
1.2 Water retention is not a required measurement for USGA Recommended greens. Its inclusion in these test methods is for the benefit of those who wish to continue to obtain such data. Likewise, bulk density is no longer a physical parameter required in the evaluation of USGA root zone mixes, but is must be determined for calculation of total and capillary porosity.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods cover the measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention, porosity (including distribution of capillary and air-filled porosity at a known matric potential), and particle and bulk densities on root zone mixes to be used for construction and topdressing of golf course putting greens including United States Golf Association (USGA) recommended greens or other highly trafficked turfgrass areas.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities, these test methods were withdrawn in 2006 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:F1815–97
Standard Test Methods for
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Water Retention, Porosity,
Particle Density, and Bulk Density of Putting Green and
Sports Turf Root Zones
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1815; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Summary of Test Method
1.1 These test methods cover the measurements of saturated 3.1 Test Method A—Saturated hydraulic conductivity is
hydraulic conductivity, water retention, porosity (including determined on compacted, saturated soil cores. Water flow
distribution of capillary and air-filled porosity at a known through the core is maintained at a constant hydraulic head
matric potential), and particle and bulk densities on root zone until a steady flow rate is achieved, at which time aliquots of
mixes to be used for construction and topdressing of golf the outflow are collected.
course putting greens including United States GolfAssociation 3.2 Test Method B—Water retention is obtained at a matric
(USGA) recommended greens or other highly trafficked turf- potential that corresponds to the root zone profile depth by
grass areas. extractingthewaterfromapreparedcorebymeansofatension
1.2 Water retention is not a required measurement for table or other water extraction apparatus. When the weight
USGA Recommended greens. Its inclusion in these test meth- reaches equilibrium, the weight is recorded. The core is oven
ods is for the benefit of those who wish to continue to obtain dried at 105° C, until a constant weight is obtained. Water
such data. Likewise, bulk density is no longer a physical retention is calculated on an oven dried basis. Bulk density is
parameterrequiredintheevaluationofUSGArootzonemixes, calculated from the soil dry weight and volume.
but it must be determined for calculation of total and capillary 3.3 Test Method C—Particle density is used for calculating
porosity. total porosity. Two methods are acceptable to use; one using
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the glass pycnometers (Test Method C-1), the other using an air
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for comparison pycnometer (Test Method C-2).
information only. 3.4 Test Method D—Total porosity is calculated from the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the bulk density and particle density.
safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility 3.5 Test Method E—Capillary porosity is calculated from
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and the bulk density and water retention information. Air-filled or
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory aeration porosity is calculated from the difference of total and
limitations prior to its use. capillary porosity.
2. Referenced Documents 4. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1 Cylinders, made of metal, PVC, or similar rigid mate-
D 854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils rials shall have an inside diameter of 51 or 76 mm (2 or 3 in.),
F 1647 Test Method for Organic Matter Content of Putting and a minimum height of 76 mm (3 in.).
3,4
Green and Sports Turf Root Zone Mixes 4.2 Compactor, shall be such as to exert a total potential
2 2
energy of 3.03 J/cm (14.3 ft lb/in. ) across the surface cross
sectional cross sectional area of the core. Fig. 1 shows an
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F–8 on
exampleofsuchadevicewhereaweightedhammerisdropped
Sports Equipment and Facilities and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
15 times from a height of 305 mm (12 in.). A 51 mm (2 in.)
F08.64 on Natural Playing Surfaces.
diameter core will require 15 drops of a 1.36 kg (3 lb) hammer
Current edition approved June 10, 1997. Published August 1998.
These test methods are designed for testing sand-based root zone mixes used
from a height of 30.5 cm (12 in.). A 76 mm core will require
for the construction of USGAand other high sand greens and sports fields. It is not
15 drops of a 3.02 kg (6.7 lb) hammer from a height of 12 in.
intended for use on fine or medium textured soils, for example, loams.
3 4.3 Permeameter, capable of maintaining a constant hy-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.07. draulic head for several hours.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1815–97
FIG. 2 Suggested Tension Apparatus Capable of Extracting Water
out of the Soil Cores
4.9 Calibration Standard (for Test Method C-2)—A steel
ball of known volume and density.
4.10 Balance—Abalancesensitiveto1mg(0.001g)should
be used with pycnometers.Abalance with sensitivity to 10 mg
may be used with volumetric flasks.
4.11 Thermometer, accurate to 0.5°C.
4.12 Sieves, No. 4 (4.35 mm) or No. 5 (4 mm).
5. Preparation of Samples
5.1 Premixed Samples:
5.1.1 The cylinders should be prepared by attaching a
double layer of cheesecloth or other suitable cloth material
NOTE 1—It has been found that 15 drops of the hammer from a height
with a rubber band onto the bottom of each cylinder. The
of 12 in. (as measured from the bottom of the weight to the top of the
cheesecloth or other material should be trimmed to a consistent
anvil) will produce a degree of compaction comparable to a severely
compacted putting green, provided the soil contains moisture approximat-
size prior to or after placement on the cylinder. Weigh and
ing field capacity.
record the weight of each cylinder.
FIG. 1 A Suggested Impact-Type Compactor to Produce a Total
5.1.2 Screen the root zone mixture through a No. 4 or No. 5
Dynamic Energy of 3.03 J/cm Across the Surface Cross-
sieve to remove peat clods and other debris. Peat clods should
Sectional Area of the Core
be broken up and returned to the sample.
5.1.3 Place moistened root zone mix into the cylinder,
4.4 Tension or Porous Plate Apparatus, capable of extract- tappinggentlyonafirmsurfaceasmixisadded.Ifdry,moisten
ing water out of the cores at a matric potential of up to - 4kPa by misting with water to reduce segregation of particles during
(40 cm tension). Fig. 2 shows an example of a tension table.
handling. Add sufficient quantities of mix to fill the cylinder.
4.5 Oven, capable of maintaining a constant temperature of The intent here is to have the surface of the compacted soil
105° C. within 10 mm from the top, but not above the lip of a 76 mm
4.6 Pycnometer or Specific Gravity Bottle (for Test Method height cylinder. To ensure a sufficient height (66 to 76 mm) of
C-1)—Asmall flask with a capacity of 50 mL.The pycnometer the compacted soil, a cylinder longer than 76 mm can be used
should have a ground glass stopper with a small hole in it to or a second cylinder of the same diameter and 2 cm or greater
allow the escape of air. A volumetric flask with a 100 mL inheightcanbesecuredtoa76mmtestcylinderpriortofilling
capacity may also be used, but a larger sample size will have and compaction of the sample. This cylinder is removed after
to be used to compensate for the decrease in precision of compaction.
measuring the fluid volume. 5.1.4 Place the cylinder in a pan of water and allow it to
4.7 Air Comparison Pycnometer (for Test Method C-2, saturate from the bottom up. Be careful not to splash any water
Micromeritics Multivolume Pycnometer Model 1305, capable onto the soil surface. Allow the core to saturate for 30 to 60
of accepting a 10 to 35 cm sample volume and measuring its min. Hydrophobic soils should be moistened by misting with
volume based on pressure:volume relationships. water and stirring prior to packing the cylinders.
4.8 Cylinder of Helium (for Test Method C-2), and associ- 5.1.5 Place the cylinders on a tension table or other water
ated pressure regulator and tubing as specified by pycnometer extracting device, set to remove water at matric potential that
manufacturer. corresponds to the depth of the profile (See Fig. 2 for proper
F1815–97
measurement). For example, samples for a USGAgreen with a 5.2.5 Follow 5.1.1-5.1.8 for sample preparation.
30 cm deep root zone should have water extracted at a matric
potential of -3 kPa. Leave sample cores on the tension table for
6. QualityAssurance/Quality Control
at least 16 h. Cover the tension table and cylinders with a
6.1 A minimum of two, and preferably three replicates of
plastic sheet to minimize evaporation from the surface of the
each sample should be included for all measurements.
cores and the tension table.
6.2 A well-characterized standard root zone sample should
5.1.6 Place the cylinder onto the base of the compactor, and
also be included in each and every run of all physical
drop the weight 15 times from a height of 305 mm (12 in.).
parameters.
5.1.7 Remove the upper cylinder, if one is used. If the level
of the mix is above the top of the lower cylinder, remove the
TEST METHODA—SATURATED HYDRAULIC
mix, repack the cylinder with new mix, resaturate the sample,
CONDUCTIVITY
bring to - 3 kPa matric potential or another appropriate
potential and recompact the sample. Do not shave off the top
7. Procedure
of the soil. If the level of the mix is below the edge of the
cylinder, measure the length of this depression to the nearest
7.1 Place the compacted sample into a pan of water and
0.1 cm (1 mm). Subtract this value from the height of the
saturate from the bottom up.
cylindertodeterminelengthofthesoilcolumn(L).Recordthis
7.2 Place the cylinder with mix onto the permeameter and
number (cm).
begin running water through the sample. Tap water may be
5.1.8 Calculate the volume of the soil column as follows:
used. Set the permeameter to a known hydraulic head. For set
V 5 L 3 A (1)
ups where the water flows downward from the top, the
hydraulic head (h) is measured from the bottom of the soil
where:
column to the water level above the soil (see Fig. 3). Record
L = length of the soil column (to the nearest 0.1 cm), and
this value (to the nearest 0.1 cm).
A = cross sectional area of the column (A = pr ).
5.2 Laboratory Mixed Samples:
7.3 Measure and record the water temperature (°C).
5.2.1 Rootzonemixesarenearlyalwaysmixedonavolume
7.4 After a time when a constant flow rate is confirmed,
basis. Use a measuring device such as a graduated cylinder or
place a collection bottle, flask, or beaker at the outflow point of
small beaker for measuring sand and soil volumes.
the cylinders and begin collecting the outflow. Collect the
5.2.2 Peat volumes should be measured in a loose state. A
outflow for a specific period of time, the time based on the rate
loose state of peat can be obtained by passing the peat through
of flow. Collection of one or more samples over a 30 min
a No. 4 or No. 5 sieve.The sample should be scooped from the
period is suggested.
loose peat and measured to the desired volume without
7.5 Measure the effluent and record in cm collected over
compacting the peat sample.
time period, t.
5.2.3 Thoroughly mix the sand, peat or soil, or all of these,
to the desired volume ratios.
8. Calculation
5.2.4 Determine percent organic matter using one of the
methods in Test Method F 1647 to quantify organic matter 8.1 Calculate the saturated hydraulic conductivity as fol-
content on a weight basis. This value and the method used lows:
should be reported so that field checks of mixes can assure that
K 5 QL/hAt (2)
sat
the mix corresponds to that developed in the laboratory.
where:
-1
K = saturated hydraulic conductivity (cm/h ),
sat
Q = quantity of effluent collected (cm ) in period of time
(t),
L = length of soil column (cm),
h = hydraulic head (cm),
A = cross sectional area of the soil core (cm ),
t = time required to collect Q (hour).
8.2 Correct the saturated hydraulic conductivity for the
viscosity of water to that for 20°C (68°F) by multiplying K
sat
by the ratio of the viscosity of water at the test temperature to
the viscosity of water at 20°C.
8.3 Divide K by 2.54 to convert cm/hr to in/hr, if desired.
sat
NOTE 1—The hydraulic head (h) is measured from the bottom of the 5
Procedures for saturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention, porosity, and
soil column to the water level above the soil.
bulk density were adapted from procedures published in Methods of Soil Analysis,
FIG. 3 Suggested Permeameter Setup to Determine Saturated Part 1:Physical and Minerological Methods; American Society of Agronomy
Hydraulic Conductivity Monograph No. 9, Part 1, Second Edition.
F1815–97
TEST METHOD B—BULK DENSITYAND WATER
where:
RETENTION
W = weight of pycnometer and water, g,
a
W = weight of clean, dry pycnometer, g,
f
9. Procedure
T = observed temperature of water, °C, and
i
T = any other desired temperature, °C
x
9.1 Remove the sample from the permeameter, saturate
from the bottom, and place on the soil water extractor or
NOTE 1—Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedurethatismostconvenient
tension table set at a matric potential that corresponds to the
for laboratories making many determinations with the same pycnometer.
root zone depth. After 16 h, weigh, correct for water held in
It is equally applicable to a single determination. To bring the pycnometer
cheesecloth , and record the corrected weight as M (0.1g).
andcontentstosomedesignatedtemperaturewhenweights W and W are
W a b
taken, requires considerable time. It is much more convenient to prepare
9.2 Place the sample in a drying oven set at 105° C and dry
a table of weights W for various temperatures likely to prevail when
for 24 h. If PVC cylinders are used, transfer the sample to a
a
weights W are taken. It is important that weights W and W be based on
b a b
drying cup or pan. Weigh and record weight (0.1 g).
water at the same temperature. Values for the relative density of water at
temperatures from 19 to 30 °C are given in Table 1.
10. Calculation of Bulk Density
12.2 ProcedureUsingGlassPycnometer(TestMethodC-1):
10.1 Calculate the bulk density of the soil core as follows:
12.2.1 Place approximately 10 g air dried sample into the
p 5 ~M 2 M !/V (3)
b 1 2
pycnometer,takingcarenottospillanyofthemix.Ifa100mL
where:
volumetric flask is used, use approximately 50 g of sample,
-3
p = dry soil bulk density (g cm ),
b
then weigh the flask and soil to the nearest 0.01 g. Determine
M = mass of oven-dried soil and cylinder (g),
the water content of a duplicate soil sample by drying it at 105
M = mass of cylinder (g), and
°C.
V = volume of the soil cor
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