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ASTM A340-99A

(Terminology)

Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing

Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2001
ICS
29.030 - Magnetic materials
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.92 - Terminology and Definitions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
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Effective Date
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Referred By
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
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Effective Date
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Referred By
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
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ASTM A977/A977M-07(2020) - Standard Test Method for Magnetic Properties of High-Coercivity Permanent Magnet Materials Using Hysteresigraphs
Effective Date
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Referred By
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Effective Date
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Referred By
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ASTM A340-99A - Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic TestingASTM A340-99A - Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing
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ASTM A340-99A - Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A 340 – 99a An American National Standard
Standard Terminology of
1
Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 340; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
In preparing this glossary of terms, an attempt has been made to avoid, where possible, vector
analysis and differential equations so as to make the definitions more intelligible to the average worker
in the field of magnetic testing. In some cases, rigorous treatment has been sacrificed to secure
simplicity, but it is believed that none of the definitions will prove to be misleading.
It is the intent of this glossary to be consistent in the use of symbols and units with those found in
ANSI/IEEE 260-1978 and USA Standard Y 10.5-1968.
Part 1—Symbols Used in Magnetic Testing
Symbol Term H8 apparent magnetic field strength
DH excursion range of magnetic field strength
a cross-sectional area of B coil H biasing magnetic field strength
b
A cross-sectional area of specimen H coercive field strength
c
A8 solid area H8 apparent coercive field strength
c
H intrinsic coercive field strength
ci
magnetic induction
B H coercivity
normal induction cs
H
magnetic flux density H demagnetizing field strength
d
H incremental magnetic field strength
D
DB excursion range of induction
H8 apparent incremental magnetic field strength
D
B · biased induction
b
H air gap magnetic field strength
g
B remanent induction
d
H ac magnetic field strength (from an assumed
L
B remanence
dm
peak value of magnetizing current
B H energy product
d d
H maximum magnetic field strength in a hyster-
m
(B H ) maximum energy product
d d m
esis loop
B incremental induction
D
H maximum magnetic field strength in a flux-
max
B intrinsic induction
i
current loop
B maximum induction in a hysteresis loop
m
H8 apparent maximum magnetic field strength in
max
B maximum induction in a flux current loop
max
a flux-current loop
B residual induction
r
H ac magnetic field strength (from a measured
p
B8 apparent residual induction
r
peak value of exciting current)
B retentivity
rs
H instantaneous magnetic field strength (coinci-
t
B saturation induction
s
dent with B )
max
cf crest factor
H ac magnetic field strength force (from an as-
z
CM cyclically magnetized condition
sumed peak value of exciting current)
d lamination thickness
I ac exciting current (rms value)
D demagnetizing coefficient
B
I ac core loss current (rms value)
c
df distortion factor
I constant current
dc
D magnetic dissipation factor
m
I ac magnetizing current (rms value)
m
E exciting voltage
J magnetic polarization
E induced primary voltage
1
k8 coupling coefficient
E induced secondary voltage
2
, flux path length
E flux volts
f
, effective flux path length
1
f cyclic frequency in hertz
, gap length
g
^ magnetomotive force
+ (also f N) flux linkage
ff form factor
+ mutual flux linkage
m
H magnetic field strength
L self inductance
L core inductance
1
L incremental inductance
D
L intrinsic inductance
i
1
L mutual inductance
These definitions are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-6 on m
L initial inductance
0
Magnetic Properties and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.92 on
L series inductance
Terminology and Definitions. s
L winding inductance
w
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published December 1999. Originally
published as A 340 – 49. Last previous edition A 340 – 99.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 340
m magnetic moment g loss angle
M magnetization cos g magnetic power factor
m total mass of a specimen g proton gyromagnetic ratio
p
m active mass of a specimen G magnetic constant
1 m
N demagnetizing factor d density
D
N turns in a primary winding k susceptibility
1
N turns in a secondary winding ac Permeabilities:
2
N I/, ac excitation μ ideal permeability
1 1 a
p magnetic pole strength μ inductance permeability
L
3 permeance μ L incremental inductance permeability
D
P active (real) power μ initial dynamic permeability
0d
P apparent power μ peak permeability
a p
P specific apparent power μ incremental peak permeability
a (B;f) Dp
μ instantaneous permeability
i
P total core loss μ impedance permeability
c z
P specific core loss μ incremental impedance permeability
c (B;f) Dz
dc Permeabilities:
P incremental core loss μ normal permeability
cD
P normal eddy current core loss
μ absolute permeability
e abs
P incremental eddy current core loss μ differential permeability
De
d
P normal hysteresis core loss μ incremental permeabil
...

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4.1 The permeability determined by this method is the impedance permeability. Impedance permeability is the ratio of the peak value of flux density (Bmax) to the assumed peak magnetic field strength (Hz) without regard to phase. As compared to testing under sinusoidal flux (sinusoidal B) conditions, the permeabilities determined by this method are numerically lower since, for a given test signal frequency, the rate of flux change (dB/dt) is higher.  
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1.1 This test method provides a means for determination of the impedance permeability (μz) of ferromagnetic materials under the condition of sinusoidal current (sinusoidal H) excitation. Test specimens in the form of laminated toroidal cores, tape-wound toroidal cores, and link-type laminated cores having uniform cross sections and closed flux paths (no air gaps) are used. The method is intended as a means for determining the magnetic performance of ferromagnetic strip having a thickness less than or equal to 0.025 in. [0.635 mm].  
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with those applicable paragraphs in Practice A34/A34M.  
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ASTM A341/A341M-16(2022)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Permeameters require the use of yokes to complete the magnetic circuit and are therefore inherently less accurate than ring test methods. Refer to Test Method A596/A596M for further details on ring test methods. However, when testing certain shapes as bars or when magnetic field strength in excess of 200 Oe [16 kA/m] is required, permeameters are the only practical means of measuring magnetic properties.  
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1.3 This test method covers a range of magnetic field strength in the specimen from about 0.05 Oe [4 A/m] up to above 5000 Oe [400 kA/m] through the use of several permeameters. The separate permeameters cover this test region in several overlapping ranges.  
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1.5 Recommendations of the useful magnetic field strength range for each of the permeameters are shown in Table 1.2 Permeameters particularly well suited for general testing of soft magnetic materials are shown in boldface. Also, see Sections 3 and 4 for general limitations relative to the use of permeameters.    
1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this test method appear with Fig. 1 and in appropriate sections of this document. For the official definitions, see Terminology A340. Note that the term magnetic flux density used in this document is synonymous with the term magnetic induction.
FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Permeameter  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter (main current)
A2—Multirange ammeter (hysteresis current)
B—Magnetic flux density test position for Switch S3
F—Electronic Fluxmeter
H—Magnetic field strength test position for Switch S3
N1—Magnetizing coil
N2—Magnetic flux sensing (B) coil
N3—Magnetic field strength (H) sensing coil
R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
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4.1 This test method evaluates the performance of flat-rolled magnetic materials over a wide frequency range of ac excitation with and without incremental dc bias, as used on transformers, motors, and other laminated core devices.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled magnetic materials using Epstein test specimens with double-lap joints in the 25-cm Epstein frame. It covers determination of core loss, rms and peak exciting current, exciting power, magnetic field strength, and permeability. This test method is commonly used to test grain-oriented and nonoriented electrical steels but may also be used to test nickel-iron, cobalt-iron, and other flat-rolled magnetic materials.  
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Standard Test Methods for Permeability of Weakly Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is suitable for specification acceptance, design purposes, service evaluation, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and research and development.  
3.2 Because of the restrictions on the specimen shape and size, this test method is most often used to evaluate semifinished product before fabrication of parts.
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1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for determination of the permeability [relative permeability]2 of materials having a relative permeability not exceeding 6.0.  
1.2 The test methods covered are as follows:  
1.2.1 Test Method 1—Fluxmetric Method is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
1.2.2 Test Method 2—Permeability of Paramagnetic Materials has been eliminated as an acceptable method of test.  
1.2.3 Test Method 3—Low Mu Permeability Indicator is suitable for measuring the permeability of a material as “less than” or “greater than” that of calibrated standard inserts with relative permeabilities between 1.01 and 6.0, as designated for use in a Low-Mu Permeability Indicator.3 In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.  
1.2.4 Test Method 4—Flux Distortion is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 2.0. In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.4  
1.2.5 Test Method 5—Vibrating Sample Magnetometry is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This test method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
1.3 Materials typically tested by these methods such as austenitic stainless steels may be weakly ferromagnetic. That is, the magnetic permeability is dependent on the magnetic field strength. As a consequence, the results obtained using the different methods may not closely agree with each other. When using Methods 1 and 5, it is imperative to specify the magnetic field strength or range of magnetic field strengths at which the permeabilities have been determined.  
1.4 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A773/A773M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Direct Current Magnetic Properties of Low Coercivity Magnetic Materials Using Hysteresigraphs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hysteresigraphs permit more rapid and efficient collection of data as compared to the point by point ballistic Test Methods A341/A341M and A596/A596M. The high measurement point density offered by computer-automated systems is often required for computer aided design of electrical components such as transformers, motors, and relays.  
5.2 Hysteresigraphs are particularly desirable for testing of semi-hard and hard magnetic materials, where either the entire second quadrant (demagnetization curve) or entire hysteresis loop is of primary concern. Test Method A977/A977M describes the special requirements for accurate measurement of hard magnetic (permanent magnet) materials.  
5.3 Hysteresigraphs are not recommended for measurement of initial permeability, µi, of materials with high magnetic permeability such as nickel-iron, amorphous, and nanocrystalline materials due to errors associated with integrator drift; in these cases, Test Method A596/A596M is a more appropriate method.  
5.4 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk sample or lot, this test method is well suited for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.
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1.1 This test method provides dc hysteresigraph procedures for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, spirally wound toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes that may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for initial and normal magnetization curves and hysteresis loop determination taken under conditions of continuous sweep magnetization. Rate of sweep may be varied, either manually or automatically at different portions of the curves during measurement.  
1.2 The equipment and procedures described in this test method are most suited for soft and semi-hard materials with intrinsic coercivity less than about 100 Oersteds [8 kA/M]. Materials with higher intrinsic coercivities should be tested according to Test Method A977/A977M.  
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
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ASTM A596/A596M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Direct-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Point by Point (Ballistic) Method and Ring Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Test methods using suitable ring-type specimens4 are the preferred methods of determining the basic magnetic properties of a material caused by the absence of demagnetizing effects and are well suited for specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.  
3.2 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk material as is usually the case for thin strip and wire, this test is also suitable for design purposes.  
3.3 When the test specimen is not necessarily representative of the bulk material such as a ring machined from a large forging or casting, the results of this test method may not be an accurate indicator of the magnetic properties of the bulk material. In such instances, the test results when viewed in context of past performance history will be useful for judging the suitability of the current material for the intended application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers dc testing for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes which may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for determination of the normal magnetization curve and hysteresis loop taken under conditions of steep wavefront reversals of the direct-current magnetic field strength.  
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for a testing range from very low magnetic field strength up to 200 or more Oe [15.9 or more kA/m]. The lower limit is determined by integrator sensitivity and the upper limit by heat generation in the magnetizing winding. Special techniques and short duration testing may extend the upper limit of magnetic field strength.  
1.4 Testing under this test method is inherently more accurate than other methods. When specified dimensional or shape requirements are observed, the measurements are a good approximation to absolute properties. Test accuracy available is primarily limited by the accuracy of instrumentation. In most cases, equivalent results may be obtained using Test Method A773/A773M or the test methods of IEC Publication 60404-4.  
1.5 This test method permits a choice of test specimen to permit measurement of properties in any desired direction relative to the direction of crystallographic orientation without interference from external yoke systems.  
1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this test method appear in Fig. 1 and Sections 5, 6, 9, and 10. For the official definitions see Terminology A340.  
FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Ring-Type Cores  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter, main-magnetizing current circuit
A2—Multirange ammeter, hysteresis-current circuit
N1—Magnetizing (primary) winding
N2—Flux-sensing (secondary) winding
F—Electronic integrator
  R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch
S2—Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostat  
1.7 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm ) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.8 The values stated in either customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, the SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections fo...

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ASTM
ASTM A34/A34M-06(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selection and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of magnetic properties of various materials.  
4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base electrical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials.  
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply.  
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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