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ASTM D5647-07

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus

Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The photo-electric method for measuring the hairiness of yarns is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since experience has shown that results obtained from machines produced by one manufacturer cannot usually be verified by machines produced by another manufacturer. This guide is intended to increase the awareness of the user to available techniques for measuring hairiness. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available guide though it has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
There may be a distinct difference in testing speed and tension devices of machines supplied by different manufacturers that may give differences in reported test results.
The measurement of hairiness is important to yarn producers. This guide is useful for process control and research of the yarn surface design at an individual manufacturing facility. Hairiness also is used to provide yarn processing machine design, and indications of malfunctioning process equipment, such as rotors, doffing mechanisms, guides, and travelers. It can be used to identify some causes...
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1.1 This guide covers the determination of the hairiness of most filament and spun yarn using a photo-electric sensor apparatus. It is not intended for use on novelty yarns.
1.2 This guide shows the values in SI units. "SI units" is the technically correct name for a system of metric units known as the International System of Units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2006
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5647-01 - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D5647-07(2012) - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6197-99(2017) - Standard Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults in Spun Yarns in Electronic Tests
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007

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ASTM D5647-07 - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric ApparatusASTM D5647-07 - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus
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ASTM D5647-07 - Standard Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5647–07
Standard Guide for
Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric
1
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope protrudingfibersorfilaments.Bytheuseofadigitalvoltmeter
or computer interface, the number of protruding fibers or
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the hairiness of
filamentsofaspecificlengthalongaspecifiedsurfacelengthof
most filament and spun yarn using a photo-electric sensor
yarn are counted and reported as hairiness.
apparatus. It is not intended for use on novelty yarns.
1.2 This guide shows the values in SI units. “SI units” is the
5. Significance and Use
technically correct name for a system of metric units known as
5.1 The photo-electric method for measuring the hairiness
the International System of Units.
of yarns is not recommended for acceptance testing of com-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mercial shipments since experience has shown that results
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
obtained from machines produced by one manufacturer cannot
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
usually be verified by machines produced by another manu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
facturer.Thisguideisintendedtoincreasetheawarenessofthe
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
user to available techniques for measuring hairiness. In some
2. Referenced Documents cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a
2
commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
best available guide though it has not been recommended for
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
3. Terminology
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
assistance.Asaminimum,testsamplesthatareashomogenous
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal
broken filament, frayed, fuzzy, hairiness, loopy.
numberstoeachlaboratoryfortesting.Thetestresultsfromthe
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for
Terminology D123.
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
4. Summary of Guide
series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and
corrected or future test results for that material must be
4.1 A yarn is passed through a photo-electric device con-
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
taining a light beam that is interrupted by the occurrence of
5.2 There may be a distinct difference in testing speed and
tension devices of machines supplied by different manufactur-
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and
ers that may give differences in reported test results.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers .
5.3 The measurement of hairiness is important to yarn
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published February 2007 Originally
producers.Thisguideisusefulforprocesscontrolandresearch
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D5647 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/D5647-07.
of the yarn surface design at an individual manufacturing
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
facility. Hairiness also is used to provide yarn processing
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
machine design, and indications of malfunctioning process
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. equipment, such as rotors, doffing mechanisms, guides, and
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5647–07
travelers. It can be used to identify some causes of barreness 8.1.3 When possible, set the yarn take-up winder speed to
and shade variation in fabrics. 30 m/min. Otherwise, use the speed closest to 30 m/min for the
machine util
...

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5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
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ASTM D6612-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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