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ASTM D6198-07

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design

Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide assists users in design and development of packaging intended for the protection of goods while they are in transit from point of origin to final destination. By following all steps of this guide, users will be assured that the most important factors are included in package design. In some cases, the sequence of steps may be changed, and often the steps may occur simultaneously with concurrent work activities.
The design process focuses on protection from hazards of handling, storage, and shipping while recognizing the economics of all other facets of distribution, including packaging materials and labor, and transportation.
In transport packaging, distribution is generally defined as inclusion of handling, storage, and transportation factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packaging for distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage, and transportation.
1.2 The principal content of this guide is the identification of the key steps involved in development of transport packages, including shipping containers, interior protective packaging, and unit loads. It is recognized that actual usage and application to individual design projects may vary appreciably without diminishing the value of the process. Consult with a packaging professional whenever needed.
1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary packaging unless the primary package is planned for use as a shipping container.
1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rules regarding packaging for shipment via each mode of transportation in which the transport package may move, such as the National Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) and the Uniform Freight Classification (railroad). For hazardous materials packaging, the packaging must perform to the requirements of the applicable modal regulations listed in Section 2.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2007
ICS
55.180.10 - General purpose containers
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6198-01e1 - Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D6198-12 - Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design
Effective Date
01-Oct-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5168-22 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall Corrugated Fiberboard Containers
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5118/D5118M-22 - Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007

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ASTM D6198-07 - Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6198 − 07
StandardGuide for
1
Transport Packaging Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance
of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packaging
D880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Contain-
for distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage,
ers and Systems
and transportation.
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
1.2 The principal content of this guide is the identification
ments
of the key steps involved in development of transport
D999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-
packages, including shipping containers, interior protective
tainers
packaging,andunitloads.Itisrecognizedthatactualusageand
D1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Rein-
application to individual design projects may vary appreciably
forcing Fiberboard Boxes
without diminishing the value of the process. Consult with a
D3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of
packaging professional whenever needed.
Products, Using Shock Machines
1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary pack-
D3580 Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion)
aging unless the primary package is planned for use as a
Test of Products
shipping container.
D4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rules
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
regarding packaging for shipment via each mode of transpor-
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
tation in which the transport package may move, such as the
tainers and Systems
National Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) and
D4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-
the Uniform Freight Classification (railroad). For hazardous
ping Containers
materials packaging, the packaging must perform to the re-
D4919 GuideforTestingofHazardousMaterialsPackagings
quirements of the applicable modal regulations listed in Sec-
D5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by
tion 2.
Free Fall
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Contain-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ers by Shock Machines
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads
and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
2. Referenced Documents
D6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Packages
D6537 Practice for Instrumented Package ShockTesting For
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingand
Determination of Package Performance
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and
D6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High
Systems—pplication of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method
´1
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D6198 – 01 . DOI:
10.1520/D6198-07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6198 − 07
2.2 ISO Standard: 4.3 In transport packaging, distribution is generally defined
ISO 4180 Complete Filled Transport Packages—General as inclusion of handling, storage, and transportation factors.
3
RulesfortheCompilationofPerformanceTestSchedules
5. Procedure
2.3 Other Documents:
4
National Motor Freight Classification 5.1 Introduction:
5
Uniform Freight Classification, Rail Publication Service 5.1.1 Although no single procedure can be expected to meet
International CivilAviation Organization Technical Instruc-
all requirements for all design options, there are general areas
6
tions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air of information that are necessary for the design process to be
IMDG Code, Intern
...

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4.1 Shipping containers and the interior packaging materials are used to protect their contents from the hazards encountered in handling, transportation, and storage. Shock is one of the more troublesome of these hazards. Free-fall drop testing, while easy to perform, often understresses the test specimen by subjecting it to drops which are not perpendicular to the dropping surface.
Note 1: For example, testing has shown that non-perpendicular drops, 2° off perpendicularity, result in 8 % lower acceleration into the test specimen resulting from the impact energy dispersing in several axes.4  
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1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for conducting stacking tests on United Nations (UN) non-bulk, intermediate bulk container (IBC), and Large Packagings. Using guided or unguided loads in accordance with the U.S. Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (“The Orange Book”). The combination or interchange of these regulations will be referred to as the Hazardous Material Regulations (HMR).  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide assists users in design and development of packaging intended for the protection of goods while they are in transit from point of origin to final destination. By following all steps of this guide, users will be assured that the most important factors are included in package design. In some cases, the sequence of steps may be changed, and often the steps may occur simultaneously with concurrent work activities.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shipping containers and the interior packaging materials are used to protect their contents from the hazards encountered in handling, transportation, and storage. Shock is one of the more troublesome of these hazards. Free-fall drop testing, while easy to perform, often understresses the test specimen by subjecting it to drops which are not perpendicular to the dropping surface.
Note 1: For example, testing has shown that non-perpendicular drops, 2° off perpendicularity, result in 8 % lower acceleration into the test specimen resulting from the impact energy dispersing in several axes.4  
4.1.1 Controlled shock input by shock machines provides a convenient method for evaluating the ability of shipping containers, interior packaging materials, and contents to withstand shocks. Simulated free-fall drop testing of package systems, which have critical elements, has produced good results where the frequency of the shock pulse is at least three times that of the package system's natural frequency.  
4.2 As in most mechanical shock test procedures, fixturing of the package on the shock test machine may have significant influence on the test results. Typically, packages will be firmly held on the table by securing some type of cross member(s) across the top of the package. Care should be taken that any pressure resulting from such fixturing should be minimal, particularly when the container being tested is corrugated or some other similar material.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off