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ASTM D5103-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)

Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of average staple length and staple length distribution of both manufactured and natural fibers by manually measuring single fiber lengths. This test method is also used to measure the length of fibers removed from a staple yarn, but such a measurement may not represent the fiber's staple length, as manufactured.
1.2 Because this test method requires measuring the length of only 50 fibers, it is not suitable for use in determining the number of long fibers that occur infrequently in a sample.
Note 1—For determination for overlength fibers, refer to Test Method D 3513.Note 2—For methods covering the determination of the average length and length distribution of natural fibers, refer to the following methods: for cotton, Test Method D 1440, and Test Method D 1447, for wool, Test Method D 519, Test Method D 1234, and Test Method D 1575.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2001
ICS
59.060.20 - Man-made fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5103-01 - Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D1577-07(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D3513-02(2018) - Standard Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manufactured Staple Fiber
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001

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ASTM D5103-95 - Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)ASTM D5103-95 - Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
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ASTM D5103-95 - Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5103 – 95
Standard Test Method for
Length and Length Distribution of Man-Made Staple Fibers
(Single-Fiber Test)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5103; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 3333 Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple Fibers,
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
1.1 This test method covers the determination of average
D 3513 Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Man-
staple length and staple length distribution of both man-made
Made Staple Fiber
and natural fibers by manually measuring single fiber lengths.
D 3660 Test Method for Staple Length of Man-Made Fi-
This test method is also used to measure the length of fibers
bers, Average and Distribution (Fiber Array Method)
removed from a staple yarn, but such a measurement may not
represent the fiber’s staple length, as manufactured.
3. Terminology
1.2 Because this test method requires measuring the length
3.1 Definitions:
of only 50 fibers, it is not suitable for use in determining the
3.1.1 length distribution, n—of fibers, a graphic or tabular
number of long fibers that occur infrequently in a sample.
presentation of the proportion or percentage (by number or by
NOTE 1—For determination of average staple length and staple length
mass) of fibers having different lengths.
distribution of man-made fibers by fiber-array method, refer to Test
3.1.2 velveteen, n—a fabric in twill or plain weave made
Method D 3660, and for overlength fibers, refer to Test Method D 3513.
with a short closely packed filling pile in imitation of velvet.
NOTE 2—For methods covering the determination of the average length
3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
and length distribution of natural fibers, refer to the following methods:
method, see Terminology D 123.
for cotton, Test Method D 1440, and Test Method D 1447, for wool, Test
Method D 519, Test Method D 1234, and Test Method D 1575.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Each fiber to be tested is gripped at the tips with forceps,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fully extended without stretching, and measured. The average
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fiber length of the measured fibers is calculated and the length
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
distribution curve is plotted.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 This test method is used for research, development,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 quality control, product specifications, and may be used for
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fibers.
D 519 Test Method for Length of Fiber in Wool Top
However, caution is advised since information on between-
D 1234 Test Method for Sampling and Testing Staple
2 laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests as directed in
Length of Grease Wool
5.1.1 may be advisable.
D 1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
2 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
D 1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of
2 testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
Cotton Fibers by Fibrograph Measurement
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
D 1575 Test Method for Fiber Length of Wool in Scoured
2 a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
Wool and in Card Sliver
2 tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
D 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
2 As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
2 specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
specimens should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D 13 on Textiles
each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn and Fiber Test
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
Methods.
Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published September 1995. Originally
published as D 5103 – 90. Last previous edition D 5103 – 90.
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5103
unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the 7.2.2 For Sliver (or Top) or Tow—Take 1 m from the
two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its leading end which has a clean, uniform appearance.
causes must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the 7.2.3 For Yarns—Prepare at least a 50-m skein from each
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the view of package.
the known bias. 7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
5.2 This test method provides objective measurements for take ten specimens at random. If the standard deviation
determining the average fiber length and length distribution in determined for the ten specimens is more than a value agreed
a sample of fiber. upon between the purchaser and supplier, continue testing in
5.3 The staple length diagram of a fiber sample can be used groups of ten specimens from the same laboratory sampling
to determine the relative number of fibers above and below a unit until the standard deviation for all specimens tested is not
specified length. If a fiber is too long, it will not process well more than the agreed to value or, by agreement, stop testing
in spinning, and if there is a preponderance of short fibers, the after a specified number.
yarn might have lower than normal breaking strength. 7.3.1 Carefully remove twist before taking specimens from
yarn. Using tweezers and grasping the specimens at the ends,
6. Apparatus
gently remove the required number of specimens from the
laboratory sampling units for testing. In some cases, if speci-
6.1 Test Board, covered with suitable material, for example,
mens are not to be tested immediately, place them on an
velveteen, of contrasting color to that of the fiber and at least
identified short-pile of plush surface for storage until ready to
10 mm ( ⁄2 in.) longer than the longest fiber to be measured.
test.
6.2 Precision Scale, graduated with 1.0-mm (0.02-in.) divi-
sions.
8. Conditioning
6.3 Illuminated Magnifier, with a 33–103
...

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ASTM D3217/D3217M-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations

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1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the breaking tenacity of manufactured textile fibers taken from filament yarns, staple, or tow fiber, either crimped or uncrimped, and tested in either a double loop or as a strand formed into a single overhand knot.  
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1.4 The basic distinction between the procedures described in these test methods and those included in Test Methods D2101 is the configuration of the specimen, that is, either as a double loop or in the configuration of a single overhand knot.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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ASTM D3513-02(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manufactured Staple Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The existence of overlength fiber in manufactured staple can cause serious problems in the spinning of these fibers into yarn. Overlength fibers may create problems in carding, but more especially high-strength multiple cut fibers may cause cockling in spinning.  
5.2 Since the overlength fibers are caused by dull or damaged cutting knives or by uneven flow of tow to the staple cutter, their existence within the fiber population is not uniform and their occurrence in the population follows a highly skewed distribution.  
5.3 Manual methods of determining overlength fiber require much more operator time, and the standard deviations of the test between laboratories and operators are high. Use of the Fibrosampler method greatly reduces both operator time and standard deviation of testing.  
5.4 In manufacturing it is important to know if fibers are overlength due to looping of the tow or multiple length due to damaged cutters.  
5.5 This method for testing staple fiber for overlength fiber is not recommended for acceptance testing (see 13.1).  
5.5.1 In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent by number of overlength or multiple length fibers in a sample of manufactured cut staple. The method is applicable to fiber taken immediately after manufacturing, from the bale, or from partially processed stock.  
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1.2.1 The Fibrosampler Model 335A is equipped with a sample plate that has 15.8-mm (5/8-in.) diameter sample holes and is recommended for use on blended staple taken from the fiber blender or from a carding machine.  
1.2.2 The Fibrosampler Model 335B is equipped with a sample plate that has 10-mm (0.4-in.) diameter sample holes and is recommended for use on unblended staple as may be taken from the fiber cutter or from a bale of staple fiber.  
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ASTM D3333-07(2018)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers, Sliver, or Tow for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the division of shipments of manufactured staple fiber, sliver (or top) or tow into lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
Note 1: For sampling yarns, refer to Practice D2258.
Note 2: This practice differs from BISFA2 rules for staple fibers in the lot sampling, by the elimination of separate sampling of outer versus inner container areas, in the reduction of number of strata from 6 to 5, and by the elimination of compositing to obtain a single laboratory sample for the lot when testing properties which do not depend on as-received moisture content.  
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5.1 This test method is used for research, development, quality control, product specifications, and may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fibers. However, caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
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ASTM D3937-12(2018)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for the determination of crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments but caution is advised since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor. Comparative tests conducted as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
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5.2 This test method is used for quality control. It is an unsophisticated procedure which is particularly useful in detecting major differences in crimp frequency. This test method is not considered to be useful in research and development where minor differences or more complete crimp characterization, including amplitude and index, may be necessary.  
5.3 Crimp in fiber affects the carding and subsequent processing of the fiber into either a yarn or a nonwoven fabric.  
5.4 Staple crimp in fiber will also affect the bulk or openness of a yarn and therefore the hand and visual appearance of the finished textile product.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers. This test method is applicable to all crimped staple fibers provided the crimp can be viewed two-dimensionally as a sine-wave configuration.  
1.1.1 It should be recognized that yarn manufacturing processes or treatments to manufactured yarns can influence or modify crimp in fiber. Hence, the value for crimp of fibers taken from spun yarns may be different than that of the same fiber prior to the manufacturing or treatment processes.  
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Standard Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments

ABSTRACT
This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarn materials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofilaments. The direct yarn number in tex or in denier, tensile properties in terms of breaking force, breaking tenacity, elongation at break and initial modulus shall be determined from a sample material. The width, thickness, gloss, hot water shrinkage, resistance to ultraviolet radiation, stability to thermal oxidation and cleanliness of the material shall also be analyzed.
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6.1 Acceptance Testing—The test methods in Specification D3218 for the determination of the properties of polyolefin monofilaments are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments, unless specified in the individual test method. These test methods are the best available and are used extensively in the trade.  
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1.2 Only on condition that interlaboratory precision data are available for the specific procedure is any test method described, or referenced in this specification, recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments.  
1.3 The specification for polyolefin raw materials appears in Section 4.  
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Property  
Section  
Breaking Force  
10    
Breaking Tenacity  
10    
Elongation  
10    
Gloss  
13    
Hot Water Shrinkage  
14    
Initial Modulus  
10    
Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness  
17    
Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation  
15    
Stability to Thermal Oxidation  
16    
Tensile Properties  
10    
Thickness  
12    
Width  
11    
Yarn Number  
9
Note 1: In most instances, the suitability of these procedures for polymeric yarns in general, and polyolefin monofilaments in particular, is already accepted in commercial transactions (see 6.1).  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.  
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification: This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on ...

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ASTM D7138-16(Test Method)
Standard Test Method to Determine Melting Temperature of Synthetic Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Either of these two test methods is used to determine the temperature at which a synthetic fiber specimen changes from a solid to a liquid-like state.  
5.1.1 Synthetic fibers may be either amorphous or semi-crystalline thermoplastics or thermosets. Synthetic fibers may change from the solid to a liquid-like state on heating because of the glass transition of amorphous polymers, the melting of crystalline regions of semi-crystalline polymers, or at the onset of degradation. Thermoplastic fibers consist of crystalline and amorphous regions and may be manufactured with a range of molecular weights. The amorphous and crystalline fiber structure and variable molecular weight can lead to a melting temperature range instead of a discreet melting point (see Table X1.1).  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two or more laboratories, perform comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Compare the test results from the laboratories involved using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of synthetic fibers and product comparisons of different fibers by manufacturers, retailers, and users.  
5.4 If the test method is used to identify fiber material type, it is important to test a known reference material at the s...
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1.1 Either of two test methods are used to determine the melting temperature of thermoplastic fibers, yarns, or threads.  
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1.2.1 Method 1, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), measures changes in heat capacity and will detect the glass transition, the crystalline melting and endothermic thermal degradation.  
1.2.2 Method 2, a visual determination of melting, determines any change that visually appears as a transition from a solid to a liquid state.  
1.2.3 Due to the differences in what each test method measures, the results from Method 1 and Method 2 cannot be compared.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or other units are to be regarded separately. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently without combining values.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM D3217/D3217M-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Both the loop breaking tenacity and the knot breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force measured under the conditions specified herein and the linear density of the fiber, are fundamental properties that are used to establish limitations on fiber-processing and upon their end-use applications. Physical properties, such as brittleness, not well defined by tests for breaking force and elongation can be estimated from the ratio of breaking tenacity measured in loop or knot tests, or both, and the normal tenacity as measured by Test Method D3822 provided both methods use the same gauge length and strain rate.  
5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision (see Note 3). In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the breaking tenacity of manufactured textile fibers taken from filament yarns, staple, or tow fiber, either crimped or uncrimped, and tested in either a double loop or as a strand formed into a single overhand knot.  
1.2 Methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of conditioned and wet (immersed) fibers in loop and knot form are included.  
1.3 Elongation in loop or knot tests has no known significance, and is usually not recorded.  
1.4 The basic distinction between the procedures described in these test methods and those included in Test Methods D2101 is the configuration of the specimen, that is, either as a double loop or in the configuration of a single overhand knot.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2058-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are an integral part of existing test standards for cable fire propagation and clean room material flammability, as well as, in an approval standard for conveyor belting (1-3).3 Refs (1-3) use these test methods because fire-test-response results obtained from the test methods correlate with fire behavior during real-scale fire propagation tests, as discussed in X1.4.  
5.2 The Ignition, Combustion, or Fire Propagation test method, or a combination thereof, have been performed with materials and products containing a wide range of polymer compositions and structures, as described in X1.7.  
5.3 The Fire Propagation test method is different from the test methods in the ASTM standards listed in 2.1 by virtue of producing laboratory measurements of the chemical heat release rate during upward fire propagation and burning on a vertical test specimen in normal air, oxygen-enriched air, or in oxygen-vitiated air. Test methods from other standards, for example, Test Method E1321, which yields measurements during lateral/horizontal or downward flame spread on materials and Test Methods E906, E1354, and E1623, which yield measurements of the rate of heat release from materials fully involved in flaming combustion, generally use an external radiant flux, rather than the flames from the burning material itself, to characterize fire behavior.  
5.4 These test methods are not intended to be routine quality control tests. They are intended for evaluation of specific flammability characteristics of materials. Materials to be analyzed consist of specimens from an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product. Results from the laboratory procedures provide input to fire propagation and fire growth models, risk analysis studies, building and product designs, and materials research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard determines and quantifies material flammability characteristics, related to the propensity of materials to support fire propagation, by means of a fire propagation apparatus (FPA). Material flammability characteristics that are quantified include time to ignition (tign), chemical ( Q˙chem), and convective ( Q˙c) heat release rates, mass loss rate ( m˙) and effective heat of combustion (EHC).  
1.2 The following test methods, capable of being performed separately and independently, are included herein:  
1.2.1 Ignition Test, to determine tign  for a horizontal specimen;  
1.2.2 Combustion Test, to determine  Q˙chem,  Q˙c,  m˙, and EHC from burning of a horizontal specimen; and,  
1.2.3 Fire Propagation Test, to determine  Q˙chem  from burning of a vertical specimen.  
1.3 Distinguishing features of the FPA include tungsten-quartz external, isolated heaters to provide a radiant flux of up to 110 kW/m2 to the test specimen, which remains constant whether the surface regresses or expands; provision for combustion or upward fire propagation in prescribed flows of normal air, air enriched with up to 40 % oxygen, air oxygen vitiated, pure nitrogen or mixtures of gaseous suppression agents with the preceding air mixtures; and, the capability of measuring heat release rates and exhaust product flows generated during upward fire propagation on a vertical test specimen 0.305 m high.  
1.4 The FPA is used to evaluate the flammability of materials and products. It is also designed to obtain the transient response of such materials and products to prescribed heat fluxes in specified inert or oxidizing environments and to obtain laboratory measurements of generation rates of fire products (CO2, CO, and, if desired, gaseous hydrocarbons) for use in fire safety engineering.  
1.5 Ignition of the specimen is by means of a pilot flame at a prescribed location with respect to the specimen surface.  
1.6 The Fire Propagation test of vertical specimens is not suitable for materials that, on heating, melt sufficiently to form a liquid pool...

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ASTM
ASTM D3333-07(2018)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers, Sliver, or Tow for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 This practice may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but it does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling and one which does not require elaborate statistical computation based on previous knowledge of the amount of variation between lot samples, between laboratory samples, and between test specimens.  
5.3 The smallest number of specimens required for a given variability in the average result will usually be obtained by (1) minimizing the number of shipping units in the lot sample, (2) taking one of the shipping units in the laboratory sample, and (3) taking the prescribed specimen(s) from the selected laboratory sample shipping unit. (See 7.3 and 7.4.)  
5.4 To minimize the cost of sampling a lot of material, it is necessary to agree on the required variance for the reported average for a lot of material:  
5.4.1 Estimate the variance due to lot samples, the variance due to laboratory samples, and the variance due to test specimens.  
5.4.2 Calculate the total variance for the average test results for several combinations of the number of lot samples, the number of laboratory samples per lot sample, and the number of test specimens per laboratory sample.  
5.4.3 Calculate the cost of performing each of the sampling schemes considered in 5.4.2.  
5.4.4 Select the samp...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the division of shipments of manufactured staple fiber, sliver (or top) or tow into lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
Note 1: For sampling yarns, refer to Practice D2258.
Note 2: This practice differs from BISFA2 rules for staple fibers in the lot sampling, by the elimination of separate sampling of outer versus inner container areas, in the reduction of number of strata from 6 to 5, and by the elimination of compositing to obtain a single laboratory sample for the lot when testing properties which do not depend on as-received moisture content.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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