ASTM D7544-23
(Specification)Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel
Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel
ABSTRACT
This specification details the physical and chemical requirements for pyrolysis liquid biofuels produced from biomass that are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of fuels. The type of biofuel covered here is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications. It shall remain uniform in medium-term storage and shall not separate into layers due to gravity. Properly sampled test specimens shall undergo test procedures to determine their adherence to the following requirements: gross heat of combustion; water content; pyrolysis solids content; kinematic viscosity; density; sulfur content; ash content; pH; flash point; and pour point.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various types of fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications.
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not modified to handle these types of fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the physical, chemical, and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix X1.
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of this type of fuel.
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
Note 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information only in 3.2.3.1.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7544 − 23
Standard Specification for
1
Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
types of fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
requirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use
in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or
2. Referenced Documents
marine applications.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are
Closed Cup Tester
equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
biofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
modified to handle these types of fuels.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the physical, chemical,
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix
ity)
X1.
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
this type of fuel.
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance
Fuels, and Lubricants
of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
NOTE 2—The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create
trometry
problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information
on the subject, see Guide D4865.
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
standard.
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information
Systems
only in 3.2.3.1.
D7579 Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyroly-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
Glass Electrode
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7544 – 12 (2017). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI:10.1520/D7544-23. the ASTM website.
*A Su
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7544 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) D7544 − 23
Standard Specification for
1
Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various types of
fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements
listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential
heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications.
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are equipped
to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed
under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not modified to handle these
types of fuels.
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the physical, chemical, and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix X1.
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of this type
of fuel.
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
NOTE 2—The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information on
the subject, see Guide D4865.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information only in 3.1.53.2.3.1.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Turbine Fuels.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017May 1, 2023. Published November 2017May 2023. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 20122017 as
D7544D7544 – 12 (2017).–12. DOI:10.1520/D7544-12R17. DOI:10.1520/D7544-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7544 − 23
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuels
Property Test Method Grade G Grade D
Gross Heat of Combustion, MJ/kg, min D240 15 15
Water Content, % mass, max E203 30 30
Pyrolysis Solids Content, % mass, max D7579 2.5 0.25
2 A
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C, mm /s, max D445 125 125
3
Density at 20 °C, kg/dm D4052 1.1–1.3 1.1–1.3
Sulfur Content, % mass, max D4294 0.05 0.05
Ash Content, % mass, max D482 0.25 0.15
pH. E70 Report Report
Flash Point,°C, min D93, Procedure B 45 45
Pour Point,°C, max D97 –9 –9
A
Without filtering.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos
...
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