ASTM D5225-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Solution Viscosity of Polymers with a Differential Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Measuring Solution Viscosity of Polymers with a Differential Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Solution viscosity values for polymers are related to the average molecular size of that portion of the polymer which dissolves in the solvent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solution viscosity of polymers using a differential or the modified differential viscometer. It is applicable to all polymers that dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form solutions that are stable with time and temperature. Results of the test are usually expressed as specific viscosity, intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity number), inherent viscosity (logarithmic viscosity number), or relative viscosity (viscosity ratio).
1.2 Since there is more than one type of viscometer available to measure a differential pressure, follow the manufacturer’s directions applicable to the equipment being used.
1.3 The solution viscosity values are comparable with those obtained using a glass capillary of Test Method D 2857. This test method differs from the glass capillary in that the solvent and the solution are compared at the same time that a test is run. With a glass capillary, each solution must be referenced back to the solvent run in the same capillary at the same temperature.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.
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Designation: D5225 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Measuring Solution Viscosity of Polymers with a Differential
1
Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5225; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2857 Practice for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solu-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
tion viscosity of polymers using a differential or the modified
differential viscometer. It is applicable to all polymers that
3. Terminology
dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation
3.1 Definitions:
to form solutions that are stable with time and temperature.
3.1.1 inherent viscosity—the ratio of the natural logarithm
Results of the test are usually expressed as specific viscosity,
of the relative viscosity to the concentration. The IUPAC term
intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity number), inherent viscos-
for inherent viscosity is logarithmic viscosity number.
ity (logarithmic viscosity number), or relative viscosity (vis-
cosity ratio).
3.1.2 intrinsic viscosity—limit of the reduced and inherent
viscosities as the concentration of the polymeric solute ap-
1.2 Since there is more than one type of viscometer avail-
proaches zero and represents the capacity of the polymer to
able to measure a differential pressure, follow the manufactur-
increase viscosity. The IUPAC term for intrinsic viscosity is
er’s directions applicable to the equipment being used.
limiting viscosity number.
1.3 The solution viscosity values are comparable with those
3.1.3 reduced viscosity—the ratio of the specific viscosity to
obtained using a glass capillary of Test Method D2857. This
the concentration. Reduced viscosity is a measure of the
test method differs from the glass capillary in that the solvent
specific capacity of the polymer to increase the relative
and the solution are compared at the same time that a test is
viscosity. The IUPAC term for reduced viscosity is viscosity
run. With a glass capillary, each solution must be referenced
number.
back to the solvent run in the same capillary at the same
3.1.4 relative viscosity—the ratio of the polymer solution
temperature.
pressure to the pressure of the solvent.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 specific viscosity—the relative viscosity minus one.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.6 viscosity constant, K—baseline reading when solvent
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
is present in both capillaries.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
4. Summary of Test Method
statements, see Section 8.
4.1 Differential Viscometer (Fig. 1):
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.
4.1.1 The viscosity measurement with the differential vis-
2. Referenced Documents
cometer is based on a fluid analog of the Wheatstone Bridge.
2
Pure solvent at constant inlet pressure P enters a balanced
i
2.1 ASTM Standards:
capillary network and flows through, producing a zero or
D1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl
baseline pressure on the differential pressure transducer. Solu-
Chloride Polymers
tion is loaded into the sample reservoir A and then injected
onstream by means of the switching valve S . The differential
A
1
pressure begins to rise until it reaches a steady state value of
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.
∆P proportional to the specific viscosity of the solution. The
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally
differential pressure is monitored continuously on a strip chart
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D5225 - 98(2003).
recorder or computer, providing a baseline where ∆P is
DOI: 10.1520/D5225-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or measured. The equation relating ∆P to specific viscosity is:
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4∆P
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
η 5 (1)
sp
the ASTM website. P 2 2∆P
i
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 5225–98 (Reapproved 2003) Designation:D 5225–09
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Solution Viscosity of Polymers with a Differential
1
Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5225; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope *
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solution viscosity of polymers using a differential or the modified
differential viscometer. It is applicable to all polymers that dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form
solutions that are stable with time and temperature. Results of the test are usually expressed as specific viscosity, intrinsic viscosity
(limiting viscosity number), inherent viscosity (logarithmic viscosity number), or relative viscosity (viscosity ratio).
1.2 Since there is more than one type of viscometer available to measure a differential pressure, follow the manufacturer’s
directions applicable to the equipment being used.
1.3 The solution viscosity values are comparable with those obtained using a glass capillary of Test Method D 2857. This test
method differs from the glass capillary in that the solvent and the solution are compared at the same time that a test is run. With
a glass capillary, each solution must be referenced back to the solvent run in the same capillary at the same temperature.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.
NOTE1—There is no ISO equivalent method. 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl Chloride Polymers
D 2857 Test MethodPractice for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 inherent viscosity—the ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity to the concentration. The IUPAC term for
inherent viscosity is logarithmic viscosity number.
3.1.2 intrinsic viscosity—limit of the reduced and inherent viscosities as the concentration of the polymeric solute approaches
zero and represents the capacity of the polymer to increase viscosity. The IUPAC term for intrinsic viscosity is limiting viscosity
number.
3.1.3 reduced viscosity—the ratio of the specific viscosity to the concentration. Reduced viscosity is a measure of the specific
capacity of the polymer to increase the relative viscosity. The IUPAC term for reduced viscosity is viscosity number.
3.1.4 relative viscosity—the ratio of the polymer solution pressure to the pressure of the solvent.
3.1.5 specific viscosity—the relative viscosity minus one.
3.1.6 viscosity constant, K—baseline reading when solvent is present in both capillaries.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Differential Viscometer (Fig. 1):
4.1.1 The viscosity measurement with the differential viscometer is based on a fluid analog of the Wheatstone Bridge. Pure
solvent at constant inlet pressure P enters a balanced capillary network and flows through, producing a zero or baseline pressure
i
on the differential pressure transducer. Solution is loaded into the sample reservoirAand then injected onstream by means of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.
Current edition approved NovemberSept. 1, 2003.2009. Published December 2003.September 2009. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in
19982003 as D 5225 - 98(2003).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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