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ASTM D7592-15a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel (Withdrawn 2016)

Standard Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel (Withdrawn 2016)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. It defines a specific type of lead-free aviation gasoline; however, this specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. It is possible that certain equipment or conditions of use can bring about a wider or require a narrower range of characteristics than what is shown in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.  
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation gasoline that contains no lead. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery.  
1.4 The current purpose for the fuel specified herein is for certification and testing of an engine and engine components.  
1.5 The UL94 standard is to be used for engine calibration and FAA certification.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covered formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and was intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, this specification was withdrawn in December 2016 and replaced by Specification D7547 on Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline.1

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
30-Sep-2015
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7592-15 - Standard Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Replaced By
ASTM D7547-23 - Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Effective Date
13-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015

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ASTM D7592-15a - Standard Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel (Withdrawn 2016)ASTM D7592-15a - Standard Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel (Withdrawn 2016)
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ASTM D7592-15a - Standard Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel (Withdrawn 2016)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7592 −15a An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
1
Certification and Test Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;
3
Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for
D614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Aviation
purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended
Fuels by the Aviation Method; Replaced by D 2700
primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
3
(Withdrawn 1970)
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels
gasoline that contains no lead. It does not include all gasolines
(Potential Residue Method)
satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
specification.
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
ucts by Hydrometer Method
1.3 Thisspecification,unlessotherwiseprovided,prescribes
the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the D1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
Fuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;
time and place of delivery.
3
Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1968)
1.4 The current purpose for the fuel specified herein is for
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
certification and testing of an engine and engine components.
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
1.5 The UL94 standard is to be used for engine calibration
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
and FAA certification.
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity ofAviation
and Distillate Fuels
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Ignition Engine Fuel
standard.
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
2. Referenced Documents
Ignition Engine Fuel
2 D3237 TestMethodforLeadinGasolinebyAtomicAbsorp-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion Spectroscopy
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
Atmospheric Pressure
tion of Aviation Fuels
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D323 TestMethodforVaporPressureofPetroleumProducts
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
(Reid Method)
Petroleum Products
D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1 Petroleum Products
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
Subcommittee D02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation Engine
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
Fuels.
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally
tion of Aviation Fuels
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7592 – 15. DOI:
10.1520/D7592-15A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7592−15a
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid 5.2.1.2 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision 5.2.1.3 2, 6-ditertiary butylphenol.
Method) 5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2, 6-ditertiary butylphenol plus
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec- 25 % maximum mixed tertiary
...

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This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
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1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.  
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Territories. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. The composition of fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but its properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in the fuel. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.  
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in Monograph 12 (MONO12) on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal requi...

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ABSTRACT
This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are: Grade No. 1-D S15; Grade No. 1-D S500; Grade No. 1-D S5000; Grade No. 2-D S15; Grade No. 2-D S500; Grade No. 2-D S5000; and Grade No. 4-D. The requirements specified for diesel fuel oils shall be determined in accordance with the following test methods: flash point; cloud point; water and sediment; carbon residue; ash; distillation; viscosity; sulfur; copper corrosion; cetane number; cetane index; aromaticity; lubricity; and conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S15—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel.2  
1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.2  
1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S5000—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels.  
1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S15—A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2  
1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S500—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2  
1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S5000—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load.  
1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load.
Note 1: A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuels is given in X1.2.
Note 2: The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD.  
1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery.  
1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.
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Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate data to support specification development. This guide does not address the approval process for ASTM International standards.  
5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives by describing the test and analysis requirements necessary to proceed with the development of an ASTM International specification for aviation gasoline or specification revision for an aviation gasoline additive. There are certain sections within this guide that do not specify an exact number of data points required. For example, 6.2.4.3 requires viscosity to be measured from freezing point to room temperature; 6.2.4.4, 6.2.4.5, and 6.3.2.3 require measurements over the operating temperature range; 6.3.2.4 and 6.3.2.5 require measurements versus temperature. In these cases, the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives should attempt to generate data close to the upper and lower boundaries indicated. If no boundary is specified (for example, generate data versus temperature), then data at the widest practical test limits should be generated. A minimum of three data points is required in all cases (for example, upper, middle, lower), while five or more data points are preferred.  
5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
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1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
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1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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5.1 This test method is intended to provide a tool for assessing whether fuel storage and distribution facilities, or end user fuel tanks, are subject to microbial growth, and to alert fuel suppliers or users to the potential for fuel quality or operational problems or the requirement for preventative or remedial measures, or both.  
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5.5 The significance of these levels to the operator will depend on the fuel type, the sampling location, the equipment or facility sampled, and the specific operating circumstances.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure that can be used in the field or in a laboratory to detect antigens indicative of microbial contamination in liquid fuels, including those blended with synthesized hydrocarbons or biofuels, with kinematic viscosities (at 40 °C) of ≤24 mm2s–1 (for example, Specifications D396, D975, and D1655) and in fuel-associated water.  
1.1.1 This test method has been validated by an ILS for a range of middle distillate fuels meeting Specification D1655, EN590, Specification D975, and ISO 8217:2012.  
1.2 This test method semi-quantitatively assesses the concentration of specific antigens generated by commonly recovered, fuel-associated, aerobic microorganisms during active growth in fuel systems.  
1.2.1 A proprietary formulation of antibodies and antibody mixtures is used to detect three types of microbial antigen contamination: antigens generally found in aerobic bacteria, antigens generally present in common fungi (yeast and molds), and an antigen that is characteristic of Hormoconis resinae (the fungus most commonly associated with fuel biodeterioration).  
1.2.2 Although the antibodies and antibody mixtures are characteristic of diverse types of bacteria and fungi, it is unlikely that they are universal. Recognizing that for every microbe that has been isolated and characterized, it is likely that there are a billion that have not. Consequently, as is the case with all microbiological test methods, this test method does not purport to detect 100 % of the microbes present in a fuel or fuel-associated water sample.  
1.3 For each of the three sets of antigen detected (H. resinae, common fungi, and aerobic bacteria), the test detects whether the antigen concentration present is within set ranges representing negligible, moderate, or heavy microbial contamination.  
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This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
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1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
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1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers Grade 82 unleaded aviation gasoline for use only in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use this fuel. Aviation gasoline shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or blends thereof, with specific aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons, or aromatic hydrocarbons, and when applicable, methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE). They may also contain antioxidants (oxidation inhibitors), metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, and fuel system icing inhibitors. The gasoline shall be tested and conform accordingly to the following property requirements: lean mixture knock value and motor method octane number; color; blue and red dye content; distillation temperature at % evaporated, end point, and residue content; distillation recovery; distillation loss; net heat of combustion; freezing point; vapor pressure; lead content; copper strip corrosion; sulfur content; potential gum; and alcohols and ether content (aliphatic ethers, methanol, and ethanol).
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1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 unleaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specification and are only for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms (oxygenates) may be present within the limits specified.  
1.2 A fuel may be certified to meet this specification by a producer as Grade UL82 or UL87 aviation gasoline only if blended from component(s) approved for use in these grades of aviation gasoline by the refiner(s) of such components, because only the refiner(s) can attest to the component source and processing, absence of contamination, and the additives used and their concentrations. Consequently, reclassifying of any other product to Grade UL82 or Grade UL87 aviation gasoline does not meet this specification.  
1.3 Appendix X1 contains an explanation for the rationale of the specification. Appendix X2 details the reasons for the individual specification requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7547-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for purchases of Grade UL 91 unleaded aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. It does not cover any other gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. The unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified here, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons, or both. Additives for electrical conductivity and corrosion inhibition, as well as certain types of antioxidants may be added separately, or in combination, in specified compositions and concentrations. Properly sampled specimens shall undergo test procedures and conform, accordingly, to the following requirements: knock value (motor octane number); density; distillation (initial boiling point, fuel evaporated, and final boiling point); recovery, residue and loss volumes; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; corrosion (copper strip); oxidation stability (potential gum); water reaction (volume change); and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.  
1.2 Unleaded aviation gasoline defined by this specification is for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers. This fuel is not considered suitable for use in other engines and associated aircraft that are certified to use only leaded aviation gasolines of the same octane grade.  
1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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ASTM
ASTM D3227-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentiometric Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Mercaptan sulfur has an objectionable odor, an adverse effect on fuel system elastomers, and is corrosive to fuel system components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of mercaptan sulfur in gasolines, kerosines, aviation turbine fuels, and distillate fuels containing from 0.0003 % to 0.01 % by mass of mercaptan sulfur. Organic sulfur compounds such as sulfides, disulfides, and thiophene, do not interfere. Elemental sulfur in amounts less than 0.0005 % by mass does not interfere. Hydrogen sulfide will interfere if not removed, as described in 10.2.  
1.2 The values in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 9, 10, and Appendix X1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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