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ASTM D4356-84(2002)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)

Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In any test method, every direction to measure a property of a material should be accompanied by a measurement tolerance. Likewise, determination and test result tolerances should be specified. This practice provides a method for evaluating the consistency of the test method tolerances specified.
This practice should be used both in the development of new test methods and in evaluating old test methods which are being revised.
The test result tolerance obtained using this practice is not a substitute for a precision statement based on interlaboratory testing. However, the measurement tolerances selected by means of this practice will be an important part of the test method conditions affecting the precision of the test method. MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS   Top
SCOPE
1.1 This practice should be used in the development of any test method in which the determination value is calculated from measurement values by means of an equation. The practice is not applicable to such determination values as those calculated from counts of nonconformities, ratios of successes to failures, gradings, or ratings.
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide guidance in the specifying of realistic and consistent tolerances for making measurements and for reporting the results of testing.
1.3 This practice can be used as a guide for obtaining the minimum test result tolerance that should be specified with a particular set of specified measurement tolerances, the maximum permissible measurement tolerances which should be specified to achieve a specified test result tolerance, and more consistent specified measurement tolerances.
1.4 These measurement and test result tolerances are not statistically determined tolerances that are obtained by using the test method but are the tolerances specified in the test method.
1.5 In the process of selecting test method tolerances, the task group developing or revising a test method must evaluate not only the consistency of the selected tolerances but also the technical and economical feasibility of the measurement tolerances and the suitability of the test result tolerance for the purposes for which the test method will be used. This practice provides guidance only for establishing the consistency of the test method tolerances.
1.6 This practice is presented in the following sections:NumberScope 1Referenced Documents2TERMINOLOGYDefinitions3Discussion of Terms4Expressing Test Method Tolerances5Tolerance Symbols6SUMMARY AND USESSummary of Practice 7 Uses and Significance8MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPSPropagation Equations9Tolerance Terms10Determination Tolerances11Consistency Criteria12APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLESProcedure 13 Mass per Unit Area Example14ANNEXESGeneral Propagation Equation Annex A1 Specific Propagation EquationsAnnex A2
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice is being withdrawn because the scope of the standard, precision of recording measurements, is partly covered in E29. Propagation of errors methodology presented in the standard is also available from other sources.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics, this practice was withdrawn in October 2007.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
29-Mar-1984
Withdrawal Date
30-Sep-2007
ICS
59.080.01 - Textiles in general
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.20 - Test Method Evaluation and Quality Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4356-84(1996) - Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances
Effective Date
30-Mar-1984

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ASTM D4356-84(2002) - Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)ASTM D4356-84(2002) - Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)
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ASTM D4356-84(2002) - Standard Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D4356–84(Reapproved2002)
Standard Practice for
Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Propagation Equations 9
Tolerance Terms 10
1.1 This practice should be used in the development of any
Determination Tolerances 11
testmethodinwhichthedeterminationvalueiscalculatedfrom
Consistency Criteria 12
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES
measurement values by means of an equation. The practice is
Procedure 13
not applicable to such determination values as those calculated
Mass per Unit Area Example 14
from counts of nonconformities, ratios of successes to failures,
ANNEXES
General Propagation Equation Annex A1
gradings, or ratings.
Specific Propagation Equations Annex A2
1.2 Thepurposeofthispracticeistoprovideguidanceinthe
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specifying of realistic and consistent tolerances for making
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
measurements and for reporting the results of testing.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 This practice can be used as a guide for obtaining the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
minimum test result tolerance that should be specified with a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
particular set of specified measurement tolerances, the maxi-
mum permissible measurement tolerances which should be
2. Referenced Documents
specified to achieve a specified test result tolerance, and more
2.1 ASTM Standards:
consistent specified measurement tolerances.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
1.4 These measurement and test result tolerances are not
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens
statistically determined tolerances that are obtained by using
for Textiles
the test method but are the tolerances specified in the test
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
method.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
1.5 In the process of selecting test method tolerances, the
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
task group developing or revising a test method must evaluate
not only the consistency of the selected tolerances but also the
3. Terminology
technical and economical feasibility of the measurement toler-
3.1 Definitions:
ances and the suitability of the test result tolerance for the
3.1.1 determination process, n—the act of carrying out the
purposes for which the test method will be used. This practice
series of operations specified in the test method whereby a
provides guidance only for establishing the consistency of the
single value is obtained. (Syn. determination. See Section 4.)
test method tolerances.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—A determination process may involve
1.6 This practice is presented in the following sections:
several measurements of the same type or different types, as
Number well as an equation by which the determination value is
Scope 1
calculated from the measurement values observed.
Referenced Documents 2
3.1.2 determination tolerance, n—as specified in a test
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions 3 method, the exactness with which a determination value is to
Discussion of Terms 4
be calculated and recorded.
Expressing Test Method Tolerances 5
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this practice, the determination tol-
Tolerance Symbols 6
SUMMARYAND USES erance also serves as the bridge between the test result
Summary of Practice 7
tolerance and the measurement tolerances. The value of the
Uses and Significance 8
determinationtolerancecalculatedfromthespecifiedtestresult
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS
tolerance is compared with the value calculated from the
specified measurement tolerances.
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE11onQualityand
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method
Evaluation and Quality Control. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Current edition approved March 30, 1984. Published August 1984. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4356–84 (2002)
3.1.3 determination value, n—thenumericalquantitycalcu- lengthandmass.Twodifferentlengthmeasurementsaremade,
lated by means of the test method equation from the measure- the length and the width of the specimen. One determination
ment values obtained as directed in a test method. (Syn. value of the mass per unit area is calculated by dividing the
determination. See Section 4.) massmeasurementvaluebytheproductofthelengthmeasure-
3.1.4 measurement process, n—the act of quantifying a ment value and the width measurement value from one
property or dimension. (Syn. measurement. See Section 4.) specimen.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—One test method determination may 4.1.3 If the test method directs that mass per unit area
involve several different kinds of measurement. determinations are to be made on three test specimens, the test
3.1.5 measurement tolerance, n—as specified in a test result is the average of the three determination values, each
method,theexactnesswithwhichameasurementistobemade obtained as directed in 4.1.2.
and recorded. 4.2 Test Method Tolerances:
3.1.6 measurement tolerance propagation equation, n—the 4.2.1 Thespecifiedmeasurementtolerancestelltheoperator
mathematical formula, derived from the test method equation, howcloselyobservationsaretobemadeandrecorded.“Weigh
whichshowsthedependenceofthedeterminationtoleranceon thespecimentothenearest0.01g”and“Measurethelengthof
the measurement tolerances. (Syn. propagation equation.) the specimen to the nearest 0.02 in.” are examples of typical
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Propagation equations and the propa- measurement tolerance specifications in a test method.
gation of errors are discussed in Annex A1. 4.2.2 The specified determination and test result tolerances
3.1.7 measurement value, n—the numerical result of quan- tell the operator how many significant digits should be re-
tifying a particular property or dimension. (Syn. measurement. corded in the determination value and in the test result,
See Section 4.) respectively.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Measurement values in test methods
5. Expressing Test Method Tolerances
areoftwogeneraltypes:thosewhosemagnitudeisspecifiedin
5.1 Tolerances in test methods are commonly specified in
the test method, such as the dimensions of a specimen, and
one of four ways which are combinations of two general
those whose magnitude is found by testing, such as the
distinctions. A test method tolerance may be absolute or
measured mass of a specimen.
relativeandmaybeexpressedeitherasarangehavinganupper
3.1.8 propagation equation, n—Synonym of measurement
and a lower limit or as the result of rounding-off. These
tolerance propagation equation.
distinctions are illustrated by the following equivalent instruc-
3.1.9 test method equation, n—the mathematical formula
tions that are possible in weighing a 5.00 g test specimen:
specified in a test method, whereby the determination value is
Absolute Relative
calculated from measurement values.
Upper and Lower Limit within 60.005 g within 60.1 %
3.1.10 test method tolerances, n—as specified in a test
Rounding-off to the nearest 0.01 g to the nearest 0.2 %
method, the measurement tolerances, the determination toler-
5.2 Within one method, state all test method tolerances in
ance, and the test result tolerance.
either the rounding-off mode or the upper and lower limit
3.1.11 test result, n—a value obtained by applying a given
mode.The rounding-off mode is preferred for all test methods.
test method, expressed either as a single determination or a
Use a series of absolute tolerances for successive levels of a
specified combination of a number of determinations.
measurement or determination in preference to a relative
3.1.11.1 Discussion—In this practice the test result is the
tolerance.
average of the number of determination values specified in the
5.3 Thenumericalvalueofatoleranceexpressedintermsof
test method.
rounding-off is twice that for the same tolerance expressed as
3.1.12 testresulttolerance,n—asspecifiedinatestmethod,
an upper and lower limit.Adiscussion of rounding-off appears
the exactness with which a test result is to be recorded and
in Section 3 of Practice E29 and in Chapter 4 of Ref (1) .
reported.
Numbers are usually rounded-off to the nearest 1, 2, or 5 units
3.1.13 tolerance terms, n—the individual members of a
in the last place.
measurement tolerance propagation equation in which each
member contains only one test method tolerance.
6. Tolerance Symbols
3.1.14 For the definitions of other terms used in this
6.1 An absolute tolerance is symbolized by a capital delta,
practice, refer to Terminology D123 and Terminology E456.
D, followed by a capital letter designating a measurement
4. Discussion of Terms
value, a determination value or a test result. Thus, DA.
6.2 A relative tolerance is symbolized by the absolute
4.1 Test Results, Determinations, and Measurements:
tolerance, D A, divided by the corresponding measurement
4.1.1 A test result is always a value (numerical quantity),
value, determination value, or test result, A. Thus, DA/A.
but measurement and determination are often used as referring
6.3 Relative tolerances are expressed as percentages by
to general concepts, processes or values—the context indicat-
100DA/A.Allrelativetolerancesforaspecifictestmethodmust
ing which meaning is intended. In this practice it is necessary
beexpressedinthesamewaythroughout,eitherasfractionsor
tomakethesedistinctionsexplicitbymeansofthetermsgiven
as percentages.
in Section 3.
4.1.2 The necessary distinctions can be illustrated by a test
method for obtaining the mass per unit area of a fabric. Two
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
kinds of measurement are required for each test specimen, this standard.
D4356–84 (2002)
SUMMARYAND USES
E = the specimen length.
9.2.2 The corresponding propagation equation is Eq 2,
7. Summary of Practice
derived in A2.4.1.
7.1 Aspecific measurement tolerance propagation equation
2 2 2 2
~DW/W! /2 5 ~DM/M! 1 ~DD/D! 1 ~DE/E! (2)
relating the determination tolerance to the measurement toler-
ances is derived by applying an adaptation of the law of error
where:
propagation to the test method equation. In this measurement
(DW/W) /2 = the mass per unit area determination toler-
tolerance propagation equation, the determination tolerance
ance term,
termshouldequalthesumofindividualmeasurementtolerance
(DM/M) = the mass measurement tolerance term,
terms.
(DD/D) = the width measurement tolerance term, and
7.2 Tentativemeasurementanddeterminationtoleranceval- (DE/E) = the length measurement tolerance term.
ues are substituted in the propagation equation terms, and the
10. Tolerance Terms
consistency of the selected test method tolerances is judged by
the relative magnitudes of the tolerance terms.
10.1 As shown in Annex A2, every propagation equation
7.3 Successive adjustments in the selected test method
can be expressed in the form of r=a+b+c . . ., in which
tolerance values are made until a consistent set of test method
eachofthetermsofthisequationcontainsonlyonetestmethod
tolerances is established.
tolerance.Thertermcontainsthedeterminationtolerance, DR,
and the other terms contain such measurement tolerances as
8. Significance and Use
DA, DB, and DC. The terms r, a, b, and c are tolerance terms.
8.1 In any test method, every direction to measure a
10.1.1 For the mass per unit area example r=(DW/W) /2,
2 2 2
property of a material should be accompanied by a measure-
a=(DM/M) , b=(DD/D) , and c=(DE/E) , as can be seen
ment tolerance. Likewise, determination and test result toler-
from Eq 2.
ances should be specified. This practice provides a method for
NOTE 1—The number of measurement tolerance terms is not restricted
evaluating the consistency of the test method tolerances
to 3, of course, but matches the number of measurements, q, for which
specified.
tolerances are specified.
8.2 Thispracticeshouldbeusedbothinthedevelopmentof
10.2 Thekeytothispracticeistherecognitionthatthereare
new test methods and in evaluating old test methods which are
two ways of calculating the determination tolerance term:
being revised.
10.2.1 The determination tolerance term, r, can be calcu-
8.3 The test result tolerance obtained using this practice is
lated from a specified value of DR using the expression for r
not a substitute for a precision statement based on interlabo-
given in the propagation equation. For example, in Eq 2
ratory testing. However, the measurement tolerances selected
r=(DW/W) /2. By substituting a typical value for W and a
by means of this practice will be an important part of the test
specified value for DW, a value of r is obtained.
method conditions affecting the precision of the test method.
10.2.2 The determination tolerance term can also be calcu-
lated as the sum of the measurement tolerance terms a, b, c,
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS
etc., which have been calculated from specified values of DA,
9. Propagation Equations
DB, DC, etc. For the mass per unit area example, an estimate
of the value of r may be obtained from values of a, b, and c
9.1 The test method equations by which determination
found by substituting values of DM, M, DD, D, DE, and E in
values are calculated from measurement values in textile
2 2 2
thetolerancetermexpressions(DM/M) ,(DD/D) and(DE/E) .
testing usually involve simple sums or differences, products or
10.3 These two ways of calculating the determination tol-
ratios,orcombinationsofthese.Measurementtolerancepropa-
erance term usually produce different results, often radically
gation equations for each of these types of relationships are
derived in Annex A2 by applying the general measurement different. In order to deal with this inconsistency, the second
way of calculating the determination tolerance term is labelled
tolerance propagation equation, developed in Annex A1,to
each of the typical test method equations. Propagation equa- u, which equalsa+b+c+. .
10.3.1 Therefore, in the following sections, r is the deter-
tionsforanumberoftextiletestmethodequationsaregivenin
Table A2.1. mination tolerance term value calculated from the specified
determination tolerance by means of the expression for r
9.2 In the following discussion, the determi
...

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5.1 Reliable, controlled flow of bulk solids from bins and hoppers is essential in almost every industrial facility. Unfortunately, flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing are common. Additional problems include uncontrolled flow (flooding) of powders, segregation of particle mixtures, usable capacity which is significantly less than design capacity, caking and spoilage of bulk solids in stagnant zones, and structural failures.  
5.2 By measuring the flow properties of bulk solids, and designing bins and hoppers based on these flow properties, most flow problems can be prevented or eliminated (1).3  
5.3 For bulk solids with a significant percentage of particles (typically, one third or more) finer than about 6 mm (1/4 in.), the unconfined yield strength is governed by the fines (−6 mm fraction). For such bulk solids, strength and wall friction tests may be performed on the fine fraction only.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing or inspection (or both) of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this standard. However, users of this standard should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this standard. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the unconfined yield strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.  
1.2 This test method covers operation of the manually-controlled Schulze Ring Shear Tester. An automated version of this tester is also available. Its method of testing bulk solids is similar in principle to that described in this test method.  
1.3 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design of such equipment may also be derived from this data. Another application is the measurement of the flowability of bulk solids, for example, for comparison of different products or optimization.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives: and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respons...

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ASTM
ASTM D5591-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Experience shows that yarns or cords on would packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in length (and a resulting increase in linear density) when removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period of time at room temperature. Consequently, it they are tested without being allowed to relax, they will register higher thermal shrinkage force values as the relaxation shrinkage will be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.  
5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.  
5.3 The thermal...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at 180 ± 2 °C (355 ± 4 °F) in air does not exceed 20 N (4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.  
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord packages, or retrieved from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G24-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Filtered Through Glass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Since solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and the amount and kind of atmospheric contaminants vary continuously, results from exposures based on elapsed time will sometimes differ. The variations in the results will usually be reduced by timing the exposures in terms of:  
4.1.1 One or more environmental parameters such as solar radiant exposure, or  
4.1.2 A predefined property change of a weathering reference specimen with known performance.  
4.2 Variations in temperature, moisture, and atmospheric contaminants can have a significant effect on the degradation caused by solar radiation. In addition, exposures conducted at different times of the year can cause large differences in the rate of degradation. Different materials generally have different sensitivities to heat, moisture, and atmospheric contaminants, and this could explain differences in rankings of specimens exposed to equivalent solar radiant exposure when other environmental conditions vary.  
4.3 Since the method of mounting has an influence on the temperature and other parameters during exposure of the specimen, there shall be agreement between contractual parties as to the method of mounting the specimen for the particular exposure test under consideration.  
4.4 There are differences among various single strength window glasses in their transmittance in the 300 to 350 nm region. For example, at 320 nm, the percent transmittance for seven different lots of single strength window glass ranged from 8.4 to 26.8 %. At 380 nm, the percent transmittance ranged from 84.9 % to 88.1 %.5  
4.5 Differences in UV transmittance between different lots of glass generally continue even after solarization. The largest differences among window glasses in UV transmittance are in the spectral range of 300 to 320 nm.  
4.6 This practice is best used to compare the relative performance of materials tested at the same time behind the same lot of glass. Because of variability between lots of g...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting exposures of various materials to daylight filtered through glass in passively ventilated and non-vented enclosures. For exposures in under glass enclosures with forced air circulation, refer to Practice G201.  
1.1.1 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.2 For direct exposures, refer to Practice G7.  
1.3 This practice is limited to the method of conducting the exposures. The preparation of test specimens and evaluation of results are covered in various standards for the specific materials.  
1.4 Exposure conducted according to this practice can use two types of exposure cabinets.  
1.4.1 Type A—A cabinet that allows passive ventilation of specimens being exposed behind glass.  
1.4.2 Type B—Enclosed cabinet with exterior painted black that does not provide for ventilation of specimens exposed behind glass. Exposures conducted using a Type B cabinet are typically referred to as “black box under glass exposures.”  
1.5 Type A exposures of this practice are technically similar to Method B of ISO 877-2.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3171-21a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Silver in Textiles by ICP-OES or ICP-MS Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Silver may be used to treat consumer textile products to provide enhanced antimicrobial (fungi, bacteria, viruses) properties (3, 4). At any point in a textile product’s lifecycle, there may be a need to measure the amount of silver present. This standard prescribes a test method based on ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis that manufacturers, producers, analysts, policymakers, regulators, and others may use for measurement of total silver in textiles. As described in Guide E3025, determination of total silver in a consumer textile product is one component of a tiered approach to determine if silver is present, possibly as nanomaterial(s) (one or more external dimensions in the nanoscale), prior to measuring the form and dimension of the Ag that is found. ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis alone is not sufficient to determine whether a textile contains silver nanomaterial(s).
Note 4: There are many different chemical and physical forms of silver that are used to treat textiles and an overview of this topic is provided in Guide E3025.  
5.2 As described in Guide E3025, the amount of silver in a textile can decrease over time as silver metal and silver compounds can react with oxygen and other oxidation-reduction (redox) active agents present in the environment to form soluble ionic species which are released by contact with moisture (for example, from ambient humidity, washing, body sweat, rain, or other sources). Hence, if silver is measured in a textile, the result may only be indicative of that moment in the article’s life cycle and great care is necessary in drawing temporal inferences from the results.  
5.3 If silver is measured by ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis, additional analyses are needed to elucidate the form of silver in the textile specimen. This step is necessary because ICP-OES or ICP-MS results are for total silver independent of chemical and physical form and textiles may be treated with silver in sizes that range from the nanoscale (for example, salt nanopartic...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses for determination of the mass fraction of total silver in consumer textile products made of any combination of natural or manufactured fibers. Either ICP-OES or ICP-MS analysis is recommended as a first step to test for and quantify silver in a textile and results can be used to inform subsequent, more detailed analyses as part of the tiered approach described in Guide E3025 to determine if a textile contains silver nanomaterial(s).  
1.2 This test method prescribes acid digestion to prepare test sample solutions from samples of textiles utilizing an appropriate internal standard followed by external calibration and analysis with either ICP-OES or ICP-MS to quantify total silver.  
1.3 This test method is believed to provide quantitative results for textiles made of fibers of rayon, cotton, polyester, and lycra that contain metallic silver (see Section 17). It is the analyst’s responsibility to establish the efficacy (ability to achieve the planned and desired analytical result) of this test method for other textile matrices and forms of silver.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiz...

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ASTM
ASTM D7785-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Water in Lint Cotton by Oven Evaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water content of raw or lint cotton determined by this practice, calculated from the required volume of reagent, may be greater, equal to or less than the moisture content measured by standard oven drying methods. These differences may be of significance in commercial transactions (1-3)4 (see also Appendix X2). Water content by this method is not to be considered the same attribute as moisture content.  
5.2 Standard test methods using volumetric and coulometric Karl Fischer reagent are two of the most widely used procedures for the determination of water.  
5.3 The volumetric method is typically used for the routine determination of water in the mass percent range of concentrations. If samples contain very low levels of water, the coulometric technique should be considered (see Test Methods D1533, E1064).  
5.4 This practice for testing the water content of cotton can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of lint cotton, manufacturing control and calibration of fast, indirect sensors to measure water.  
5.5 Information on the water content of cotton is desirable since the physical properties of cotton are significantly affected by its water content. Variations in the amount of water present, or its regain, affect the mass and hence the market value of a lot of material.  
5.6 The observed volume of Karl Fischer reagent used in this practice to analyze a specimen represents the water in the absence of side reactions in an oven supplied with air (3).
Note 2: Side reactions in cotton that confound the actual weight loss due to water have been demonstrated in two laboratory ovens and a thermogravimetric analysis oven supplied with air (3). This results in an approximation regarding the actual amount of water in cotton based on mass loss by drying. If the moisture content by oven drying agrees with the water content measured by Karl Fischer titration, the one-to-one correspondence may be coincidental due to the presence of both negative a...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the total amount of water (free and bound) in raw and lint cotton at moisture equilibrium from conditioning in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Note 1: For other methods of determination of moisture in lint cotton that do not specify conditioning to moisture equilibrium, refer to Test Methods D2495 and D1348.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of oven evaporation to remove all of the water in the fiber matrix, volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration to determine water content and water regain, and control current potentiometry to detect the end point.  
1.3 This practice is not intended for use with potentiometric (zero current) and coulometric Karl Fischer titrators (see Test Methods D1533, D4377 and E1064), nor is this practice intended to be used with methanol extracts of cotton (See Test Methods D1348).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary warnings see 9.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5548-13(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss of Dyed Fabrics in Laundering (Not Suitable for Detergent or Washing Machine Rankings)

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the evaluation of the effect of dyestuff color transfer or color loss from dyed fabrics. It is designed as a laboratory screening test to aid in the formulation of detergent products or the comparison of two or more detergents, it is not suitable for detergent or washing machine rankings. The apparatus and materials use in evaluating color transfer or color loss of dyed fabrics are presented in details. The procedure for color transfer in one wash, and color loss in three washes are presented in details.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effect of dyestuff color transfer or color loss from dyed fabrics. It is designed as a laboratory screening test to aid in the formulation of detergent products or the comparison of two or more detergents.  
1.2 There is no single assessment that will give the overall performance of a laundry product. A single test can only suggest how a formulation performs under the particular conditions chosen for the evaluation and cannot be expected to reflect comparative product performance under the many other possible conditions of use. A series of assessments is always necessary in order to evaluate the many aspects of product performance. It is necessary to conduct confirming tests under controlled but practical home-laundering conditions to simulate consumer experience.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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