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ASTM E505-96

(Specification)

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as standard. Note 1—The set of reference radiographs consists of five 8½ by 11-in. cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in a 10½ by 11½-in. ring binder.Note 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM Reference Radiographs E 155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings, Volumes I and II.
1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for aluminum die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) and 5/8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B discontinuities are illustrated for 1/ 8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are illustrated for 5/8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings.
1.2.2 Ungraded—One illustration of one discontinuity for 0.20-in. (5.1-mm) thickness aluminum die casting; and one illustration of one discontinuity for 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) thickness magnesium die casting.
1.3 This document may be used for other materials, thicknesses, or with other energy levels for which it has been found to be applicable and agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2001
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E505-01 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM B94-18 - Standard Specification for Magnesium-Alloy Die Castings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM B969/B969M-18e1 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Castings Produced by Squeeze Casting, and the Semi-Solid Thixocast and Rheocast Casting Processes
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM B85/B85M-18e1 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Die Castings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001

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ASTM E505-96 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die CastingsASTM E505-96 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
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ASTM E505-96 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 505 – 96 An American National Standard
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 505; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope to be applicable and agreement has been reached between the
purchaser and manufacturer.
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
provide:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
their differentiation both as to type and severity level through
radiographic examination.
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards,
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
specifications, and drawings.
E 142 Test Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as
Testing
standard.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
NOTE 1—The set of reference radiographs consists of five 8 ⁄2 by 11-in.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in
Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and
aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each
Magnesium Die Castings
contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last
frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in
3. Terminology
1 1
a10 ⁄2 by 11 ⁄2-in. ring binder.
NOTE 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magne- 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this docu-
sium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM
ment, see Terminology E 1316.
Reference Radiographs E 155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magne-
sium Castings, Volumes I and II.
4. Appearance of Radiographic Indications
1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as
4.1 The following descriptions are for use in discontinuity
follows: identification and classification. These descriptions apply to
1.2.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for alumi-
these reference radiographs only.
num die castings and three discontinuity categories for mag- 4.1.1 Category A (Porosity)—Round or elongated, smooth-
nesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progres-
edged dark spots occurring individually distributed or in
sively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are clusters.
illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having 4.1.2 Category B (Cold Fill)—A distinct darkened line or
1 5
thicknesses of ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) and ⁄8 in. (15.9 mm); Category
band of variable length and definite smooth outline, usually
B discontinuities are illustrated for ⁄8-in. thick aluminum and continuous or interconnected.
magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are
4.1.3 Category C (Shrinkage)—Filamentary or jagged dark-
illustrated for ⁄8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die ened areas, usually continuous or interconnected.
castings.
4.1.4 Category D (Foreign Material)—Isolated irregular
1.2.2 Ungraded—One illustration of one discontinuity for variation in film density, either lighter or darker than surround-
0.20-in. (5.1-mm) thickness aluminum die casting; and one
ing areas. They may indicate the inclusion of oxide or dross or
illustration of one discontinuity for ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thickness metallic compounds of different density. Illustration shows a
magnesium die casting.
more dense material.
1.3 This document may be used for other materials, thick-
5. Significance and Use
nesses, or with other energy levels for which it has been found
5.1 These radiographs are so designed that acceptance
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E-7 on Nondestructive Testing.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1996. Published April 1996. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
published as E 505 – 74. Last previous edition E 505 – 91. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order PCN 17-505050-22.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 505
TABLE 1 Reference Radiographs for Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
Applicable Casting
Plate Thickness,
Discontinuity Thickness,
in. (mm)
in. (mm)
Aluminum Die Castings
1 3
Category A (Porosity) ⁄8 (3.2) up to ⁄8 (9.5), incl
5 3
Category A (Porosity) ⁄8 (15.9) over ⁄8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4),
incl
1 3
Category B (Cold fill) ⁄8 (3.2) up to ⁄8 (9.5), incl
5 3
Category C (Shrinkage) ⁄8 (15.
...

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5.1 The use of RQIs is a significant departure from normal practice in industrial radiology because it is not a standard design and is dependent on the application, material, and process and therefore cannot be a simple plaque or wire. The use of an RQI provides documented evidence that radiologic images have the level of quality necessary to reveal those nonconformances for which the parts are being examined by ensuring adequate spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in the areas of interest.  
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Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods described provide indirect measurement of the thickness of sections of materials not exceeding temperatures of 1200°F [650°C]. Measurements are made from one side of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.  
5.2 Ultrasonic thickness measurements are used extensively on basic shapes and products of many materials, on precision machined parts, and to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion.  
5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applications can be found in the cited references (1,2).6
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1.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at temperatures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].  
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1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
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ASTM E1814-14(2022)(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.  
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1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.  
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1774-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.  
4.3 Specific Advantages—Since an EMAT technique does not have to be in contact with the material under examination, no fluid couplant is required. Important consequences of this include applications to moving objects, in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.  
1.2 This guide describes a non-contact technique for coupling ultrasonic energy into an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, through the use of electromagnetic fields. This guide describes the theory of operation and basic design considerations as well as the advantages and limitations of the technique.  
1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a general reference to assist in determining the usefulness of EMATs for a given application as well as provide fundamental information regarding their design and operation. This guide provides guidance for the generation of longitudinal, shear, Rayleigh, and Lamb wave modes using EMATs.  
1.4 This guide does not contain detailed procedures for the use of EMATs in any specific applications; nor does it promote the use of EMATs without thorough testing prior to their use for examination purposes. Some applications in which EMATs have been applied successfully are outlined in Section 9.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...

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