ASTM C357-07(2009)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Bulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials
Standard Test Method for Bulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Granular refractory materials may be either refractory grain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finished refractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials that are sold, with or without some degree of processing, to refractory consumers for various uses. In either case, characterizing the properties of a granular refractory material is essential in evaluating its quality or consistency of quality and in determining suitability for end use. One of the important properties is bulk density because of its relationship to end product quality, usage, and performance.
The refractories producer can use this test method as one of the quality-control tests for his manufactured or mined refractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potential refractory grain raw materials.
For the refractories consumer, the principal use of this test method is in the evaluation of the quality or the consistency of quality of the granular material in purchased refractory mixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by the consumer.
This is a primary test method, and thus is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements and as a base for development of more rapid, secondary test methods for use in quality control on manufactured refractory raw materials.
Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are that the sample is representative of the material in general, the particle size of the sample is within the range specified by the test method, the material is not readily hydratable, and the size and quantity of pores in the material permits removal of surface water without drainage from the pores themselves. Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the test results.
In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specific gravity of the material as well as the porosity...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the bulk density of granular refractory materials, commercial products which usually have particles that are retained on a 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) or coarser sieve.
Note 1—This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in boiling water.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—In Sections 4, 7, and 8, the apparatus used is only available in SI units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation: C357 − 07(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Bulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Units usage was updated in April 2009.
1. Scope essential in evaluating its quality or consistency of quality and
in determining suitability for end use. One of the important
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
properties is bulk density because of its relationship to end
bulk density of granular refractory materials, commercial
product quality, usage, and performance.
products which usually have particles that are retained on a
0.265-in. (6.7-mm) or coarser sieve. 3.2 Therefractoriesproducercanusethistestmethodasone
of the quality-control tests for his manufactured or mined
NOTE 1—This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in
refractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potential
boiling water.
refractory grain raw materials.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
3.3 For the refractories consumer, the principal use of this
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
testmethodisintheevaluationofthequalityortheconsistency
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
of quality of the granular material in purchased refractory
information only and are not considered standard.
mixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by the
1.2.1 Exceptions—In Sections 4, 7, and 8, the apparatus
consumer.
used is only available in SI units.
3.4 Thisisaprimarytestmethod,andthusissuitableforuse
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in specifications, quality control, and research and develop-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ment. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
contracts or agreements and as a base for development of more
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rapid, secondary test methods for use in quality control on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
manufactured refractory raw materials.
2. Referenced Documents
3.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method
2.1 ASTM Standards: are that the sample is representative of the material in general,
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
the particle size of the sample is within the range specified by
Sieves the test method, the material is not readily hydratable, and the
size and quantity of pores in the material permits removal of
3. Significance and Use
surface water without drainage from the pores themselves.
Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the useful-
3.1 Granular refractory materials may be either refractory
ness of the test results.
grain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finished
refractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials that
3.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be
are sold, with or without some degree of processing, to
recognized that the specific gravity of the material as well as
refractory consumers for various uses. In either case, charac-
the porosity affects the value obtained for bulk density. Thus,
terizing the properties of a granular refractory material is
comparisons of results should only be made between like
materials or with full recognition of inherent differences
between the materials being compared.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
4. Apparatus
Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally
4.1 Laboratory Jaw Crusher or Rolls , for crushing samples
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C357–07. DOI:
to pass a 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) sieve.
10.1520/C0357-07R09E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.2 Standard Sieves, 0.265-in. and No. 8 (2.36-mm) with
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Pan and Cover (Note 2)—The sieves shall conform to Speci-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. fication E11.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C357 − 07 (2009)
4.2.1 The coarser sieve may be the No. 4 (4.75 mm) and the water. Cool the sample to room temperature by running cold
finer sieve may be the No. 6 (3.35 mm) or No. 12 (1.70 mm), water into the beaker or by a similar method.
if tests indicate that the range in particle size is not critical.
7.3 Rinse the clean buret (Note 3) thoroughly and introduce
NOTE 2—The 0.265-in., No. 4, No. 6, No. 8, and No. 12 ASTM sieves approximately 25 mL of distilled water at room temperature.
are equivalent to 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10-mesh, respectively, of the Tyler
Allowittostanduntildropsofwateronthesidessettleintothe
Standard Series.
body of liquid.
4.3 Drying Oven,adjustableto220to230°F(105to110°C).
NOTE 3—Clean the burette or the Le Chatelier Specific Gravity Bottle
1 3
4.4 Riffle, with six or more ⁄2 to ⁄4-in. (13 to 19-mm)
frequently with a good cleaning solution such as liquid soap to ensure
troughs with pans, or a smooth plate at least 15 in. (381 mm)
complete drainage without drops of water forming on the inside walls.
square and a 300-mm blade spatula or trowel for sample
7.3.1 Alternately rinse the clean specific gravity bottle and
quartering.
fill with distilled water at room temperature as close to the 0
4.5 Balance, capacity 200 g, sensitivity 0.01 g.
mark as possible. Allow it to stand until drops of water on the
4.6 Hot Plate. sidessettleintothebodyofliquid.Takeacleanpieceofsponge
that is hooked to a stainless steel or copper wire and is long
4.7 Beakers, 250 mL.
enough to reach to the bottom of the straight section. Insert the
4.8 Buret, 50 mL, calibrated to 0.1 mL.
sponge into the bottle and with circular motion try to mop up
4.9 Le Chatelier Specific Gravity Bottle, 250 mL capacity.
any excess water from the sides. Make sure that the sponge
surface does not touch the top of the water meniscus. Record
5. Test Samples
thelevelofwaterinthebottletothenearest0.05mLindicating
if the level is below or above the 0 mark. If the level is at 0
5.1 The sample consists of at le
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:C 357–94 (Reapproved 1998) Designation:C357–07 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Bulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Units usage was updated in April 2009.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the bulk density of granular refractory materials, commercial products
which usually have particles that are retained on a 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) or coarser sieve.
NOTE1—This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in boiling water. Such materials may be tested in accordance withTest Method C493.
1—This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in boiling water.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—In Sections 4, 7, and 8, the apparatus used is only available in SI units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:C493Test Method for Bulk Density and Porosity of Granular Refractory Materials by Mercury
Displacement
C574Method for Chemical Analysis of Magnesite and Dolomite Refractories
E11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Granular refractory materials may be either refractory grain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finished
refractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials that are sold, with or without some degree of processing, to refractory
consumers for various uses. In either case, characterizing the properties of a granular refractory material is essential in evaluating
its quality or consistency of quality and in determining suitability for end use. One of the important properties is bulk density
because of its relationship to end product quality, usage, and performance.
3.2 The refractories producer can use this test method as one of the quality-control tests for his manufactured or mined
refractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potential refractory grain raw materials.
3.3 For the refractories consumer, the principal use of this test method is in the evaluation of the quality or the consistency of
quality of the granular material in purchased refractory mixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by the consumer.
3.4 This is a primary test method, and thus is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development.
It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements and as a base for development of more rapid,
secondary test methods for use in quality control on manufactured refractory raw materials.
3.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are that the sample is representative of the material in general, the
particle size of the sample is within the range specified by the test method, the material is not readily hydratable, and the size and
quantity of pores in the material permits removal of surface water without drainage from the pores themselves. Deviation from any
of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the test results.
3.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specific gravity of the material as well as the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C-8 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Tests and
Properties.
Current edition approved May 15, 1994. Published July 1994. Originally published as C357–55 T. Last previous edition C357–91.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties
.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 357–07.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 15.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
C357–07 (2009)
porosity affects the value obtained for bulk density. Thus, comparisons of results should only be made between like materials or
with full recognition of inherent differences between the materials being compared.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Laboratory Jaw Crusher or Rolls , for crushing samples to pass a 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) sieve.
4.2 Standard Sieves, 0.265-in. and No. 8 (2.36-mm) with Pan and Cover (Note 2)—The sieves shall conform to Specification
E11.
4.2.1 The coarser sieve may be the No. 4 (4.75 mm) and the finer sieve may be the No. 6 (3.35 mm) or No. 12 (1.70 mm), if
tests indicate that the range in particle size is not critical.
NOTE 2—The 0.265-in., No. 4, No. 6, No. 8, and No. 12 ASTM sieves are equivalent to 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10-mesh, respectively, of the Tyler Standard
Series.
4.3 Drying Oven, adjustable to 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C).
1 3
4.4 Riffle, with six or more ⁄2 to ⁄4-in. (13 to 19-mm) troughs with pans, or a smooth plate at least 15 in. (381 mm) square and
a 300-mm blade spatula or trowel for sample quartering.
4.5 Balance, capacity 200 g, sensitivity 0.01 g.
4.6 Hot Plate.
4.7 Beakers, 250-mL. , 250 mL.
4.8 Buret, 50-mL, calibrated to 0.1 mL. , 50 mL, calibrated to 0.1 mL.
4.9 Le Chatelier Specific Gravity Bottle, 250 mL capacity.
5. Test Samples
5.1 The sample consists of at least 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) carefully selected to represent the material being tested.
5.2 When possible, take three or more such samples to represent proportionate parts of the material, and test these separately.
6. Preparation of Test Sample
6.1 Crush each sample when necessary and screen dry to pass the 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) sieve and be retained on the No. 8
(2.36-mm) mesh sieve (Note 2). Take care to adjust the crusher so as to obtain some particles that will be retained on the 0.265-in.
sieve, thereby increasing the amount retained on the finer sieve. The portion not passing the coarser sieve may be recrushed until
it passes. The sieving may be carried out in a mechanical device or by hand.
6.2 After the sieving, treat various types of materials as follows:
6.2.1 With material that has been calcined and cooled not more than 2 h prior to testing, blow free of dust with clean air
(moisture- and oil-free).
6.2.2 Wash other materials in a stream of tap water for at least 5 min or until all dust is removed. Oven-dry overnight at 220
to 230°F (105 to 110°C).
7. Procedure
7.1 Divide the sample by quartering or riffling to obtain a portion for testing of about 25 cm in bulk
...
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