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ASTM D946/D946M-20

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pavement Construction

Standard Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pavement Construction

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard for asphalt cement proposed for use in the construction of pavements. This specification shall include the following penetration grades: 40-50, 60-70, 85-100, 120-150, and 200-300. The cements shall be manufactured by refining crude petroleum through suitable methods. The asphalt cement shall be homogeneous and shall not foam when heated to application temperature. Requirements such as ductility, flash point, solubility in trichloroethylene, and penetration shall be determined in accordance with ASTM test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers asphalt binder for use in the construction of pavements.
Note 1: For asphalt binders graded by viscosity at 60 °C, see Specification D3381/D3381M. For performance-graded asphalt binder, see Specification D6373.  
1.2 This specification covers the following penetration grades:    
40–50,  
120–150, and  
60–70,  
200–300  
85–100,  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2020
ICS
93.080.20 - Road construction materials
Technical Committee
D04 - Road and Paving Materials
Drafting Committee
D04.40 - Asphalt Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D36/D36M-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM D8239-23 - Standard Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder Using the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) Test
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM D7064/D7064M-21 - Standard Practice for Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) Asphalt Mixture Design
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM D6373-23 - Standard Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM D6932/D6932M-21 - Standard Guide for Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course Plant Asphalt Mixtures
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM D4552/D4552M-20 - Standard Classification for Hot-Mix Recycling Agents
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D946/D946M −20
Standard Specification for
Penetration-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pavement
1
Construction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D946/D946M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D113 Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt Materials
D140/D140M Practice for Sampling Asphalt Materials
1.1 This specification covers asphalt binder for use in the
D1754/D1754M Test Method for Effects of Heat andAir on
construction of pavements.
Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)
NOTE 1—For asphalt binders graded by viscosity at 60 °C, see
D2042 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in
Specification D3381/D3381M. For performance-graded asphalt binder,
Trichloroethylene
see Specification D6373.
D2872 Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving
1.2 This specification covers the following penetration
Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)
grades:
D3381/D3381M Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt
40–50, 120–150, and
Binder for Use in Pavement Construction
60–70, 200–300
D6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt
85–100,
Binder
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D7553 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
N-Propyl Bromide
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3. Manufacture
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
3.1 Asphalt binder shall be prepared by the refining of crude
with the standard.
petroleum by suitable methods.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Properties
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.1 The asphalt binder shall be homogeneous and shall not
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
foam when heated to 175 °C [350 °F].
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.2 The asphalt binder shall conform to the requirements
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
given in Table 1 or Table 2, as specified by the purchaser. If no
2. Referenced Documents
table is specified, the default shall be Table 1. Table 2
2
requirements limit the temperature susceptibility of asphalt
2.1 ASTM Standards:
over Table 1 requirements. Asphalt binders that meet Table 2
D5/D5M Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Mate-
requirements will also meet Table 1 requirements of the same
rials
grade.
D36/D36M Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen
(Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
5. Methods of Sampling and Testing
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
5.1 The material shall be sampled and the properties enu-
Open Cup Tester
merated in this specification shall be determined in accordance
with the following ASTM methods:
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
5.1.1 Sampling—Practice D140/D140M.
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.40 on
5.1.2 Penetration—Test Method D5/D5M.
Asphalt Specifications.
5.1.3 Softening Point—Test Method D36/D36M.
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally
5.1.4 Flash Point—Test Method D92.
approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D946/D946M – 15.
DOI: 10.1520/D0946_D0946M-20.
5.1.5 Ductility—Test Method D113.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.6 Thin Film Oven Test—Test Method D1754/D1754M.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.7 Solubility in Trichloroethylene—Test Method D2042.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 5.1.8 Solubility in N-Propyl Bromide—Test Method D7553.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D946/D946M−20
TABLE 1 Requirements for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pavement Construction
Penetration Grade
40–50 60–70 85–100 120–150 200–300
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
Penetration at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 g, 5 s 40 50 60 70 85 100 120 150 200 300
Flash point, °C [°F] (Cleveland open cup) 230 [450] . . . 230 [450] . . . 230 [450] . . . 220 [425] . . . 175 [350] . . .
A
Ductility at 25 °C [77 °F], 5 c
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D946/D946M − 15 D946/D946M − 20
Standard Specification for
Penetration-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pavement
1
Construction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D946/D946M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers asphalt binder for use in the construction of pavements.
NOTE 1—For asphalt binders graded by viscosity at 60°C,60 °C, see Specification D3381D3381/D3381M. For performance-graded asphalt binder, see
Specification D6373.
1.2 This specification covers the following penetration grades:
40–50, 120–150, and
60–70, 200–300.
60–70, 200–300
85–100,
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformancenonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5D5/D5M Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
D36D36/D36M Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
D113 Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt Materials
D140D140/D140M Practice for Sampling Asphalt Materials
D1754D1754/D1754M Test Method for Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)
D2042 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in Trichloroethylene
D2872 Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)
D3381D3381/D3381M Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pavement Construction
D6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt Binder
D7553 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in N-Propyl Bromide
3. Manufacture
3.1 Asphalt binder shall be prepared by the refining of crude petroleum by suitable methods.
4. Properties
4.1 The asphalt binder shall be homogeneous and shall not foam when heated to 175°C [350°F].175 °C [350 °F].
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.40 on Asphalt
Specifications.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015May 1, 2020. Published January 2016May 2020. Originally approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
D946/D946M – 09a.D946/D946M – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D0946_D0946M-15.10.1520/D0946_D0946M-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D946/D946M − 20
4.2 The asphalt binder shall conform to the requirements given in Table 1 or Table 2, as specified by the purchaser. If no table
is specified, the default shall be Table 1. Table 2 requirements limit the temperature susceptibility of asphalt over Table 1
requirements. Asphalt binders that meet Table 2 requirements will also meet Table 1 requirements of the same grade.
5. Methods of Sampling and Testing
5.1 The material shall be sampled and the properties enumerated in this specification shall be determined in accordance with
the following ASTM methods:
5.1.1 Sampling—Practice D140D140/D140M.
5.1.2 Penetration—Test Method D5D5/D5M.
5.1.3 Softening Point—Test Method D36D36/D36M.
5.1.4 Flash Point—Test Method D92.
5.1.5 Ductility—Test Method D113.
5.1.6 Thin Film Oven Test—Test Method D1754D1754/D1754M.
5.1.7 Solubility in Trichloroethylene—Test Method D2042.
5.1.8 Solubility in N-Propyl Bromide—Test Method D7553.
6. Keywords
6.1 asphalt binder; pavement; penetration
TABLE 1 Requirements for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pa
...

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ABSTRACT
This specification covers asphalt binders graded by performance. Grading designations are related to the average seven-day maximum pavement design temperature, and minimum pavement design temperature. Asphalt binder shall be prepared by the refining of crude petroleum by suitable methods, with or without the addition of modifiers, which may be any organic material of suitable manufacture that is used in virgin or recycled condition, and that is dissolved, dispersed or reacted in asphalt cement to enhance its performance. This specification incorporates an aid for determining the critical low cracking temperature using a combination of test procedures.
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1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8140-18(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for the Use of Foundry Sand in Asphalt Mixtures

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the physical and chemical requirements of virgin or recovered foundry sand for use as a fine aggregate in asphalt mixtures.  
1.2 This guide is for use by contractors, foundry sand suppliers, or other purchasers as part of the purchase document describing the material to be furnished. Those responsible for selecting the proportions for the asphalt mixture should have the responsibility of determining the proportions of foundry sand as a fine aggregate.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6372-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Design, Testing, and Construction of Microsurfacing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This microsurfacing practice is written as a guide and should not be construed as a specification. End use specifications should be adapted to conform to job and user requirements.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design, testing, and construction of mixtures of polymer-modified asphalt emulsion, mineral aggregate, mineral filler, water, and other additives, properly proportioned, mixed and spread on a paved surface. It is written as a guide and should be used as such. End use specifications should be adapted to conform to job and user requirements.
Note 1: This practice references test methods outside the jurisdiction of ASTM that may or may not have a precision statement.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3549/D3549M-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thickness or Height of Compacted Asphalt Mixture Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thickness of a compacted asphalt mixture is often used as a construction check to ensure that the proper quantity of materials has been placed on a project, and to correct strength measurement on constant diameter specimens with varying heights.
Note 1: The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the thickness (or height) of compacted asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Section 7.4 specifies SI units because they are the units used in the equations for Test Methods D1188/D1188M and D2726/D2726M. Performing calculations without first converting any measurements made in inch-pound units to SI units in 7.4 will result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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