ASTM C614-10(2011)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Alkali Resistance of Porcelain Enamels
Standard Test Method for Alkali Resistance of Porcelain Enamels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended specifically for testing the resistance to alkaline attack of porcelain enamels to be used as a final finish on washing machines, dishwashers, combination washer-dryers, and similar appliances where the surface is normally exposed to an alkaline environment at elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance of a porcelain enamel to a hot solution of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Although the specific alkali mentioned herein is tetrasodium pyrophosphate the equipment and techniques are equally applicable to other alkali solutions.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C614 − 10(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Alkali Resistance of Porcelain Enamels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C614; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Test Method was corrected editorially in 2011
INTRODUCTION
Although all porcelain enamels are highly resistant to atttack by cold alkaline solutions, some
compositions are affected by hot solutions of the type encountered in automatic laundry and
dishwashing equipment. Tests to eliminate porcelain enamels of poor resistance have been developed
and used by various laboratories. In general, these tests consist of subjecting specimens to a boiling
solution of either sodium pyrophosphate or sodium hydroxide for a period of two or more hours. The
specimens are weighed before and after exposure to the test treatment and the loss-in-weight is taken
as a measure of alkali attack. In some tests representing milder exposure conditions, the 45 degree
specularglossismeasuredbeforeandafterexposureandthepercentageofinitialglossretainedisused
as an indicator of alkali resistance. While such tests have served a useful purpose in developing more
resistant porcelain enamel compositions and in manufacturing control operations, agreement between
laboratories has left something to be desired. The present test was designed to provide the
reproducibility between laboratories that is so essential to any standard test procedure.
1. Scope a final finish on washing machines, dishwashers, combination
washer-dryers, and similar appliances where the surface is
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resis-
normally exposed to an alkaline environment at elevated
tance of a porcelain enamel to a hot solution of tetrasodium
temperatures.
pyrophosphate. Although the specific alkali mentioned herein
istetrasodiumpyrophosphatetheequipmentandtechniquesare
3. Apparatus
equally applicable to other alkali solutions.
3.1 Test Chamber, of a type illustrated in Fig. 1, Fig. 3, and
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Fig. 6. This part of the equipment consists of a stainless steel
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
beaker fitted with an O-ring sealed cover which supports an
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
immersion heater, a stirring device, thermometer and thermis-
and are not considered standard.
tor wells; three specimen holders; a reflux condenser; a flow
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
channeling shield to slide over and be supported by the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
immersion heater; and a stirring motor. The beaker, heater
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sheath, stirring device, thermometer and thermistor wells,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specimenholders,andtheflowchannelingshieldshallbemade
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from stainless steel alloys from the AISI 300 Series.
2. Significance and Use
3.2 Temperature Controller, thermistor-actuated, capable of
2.1 This test method is intended specifically for testing the maintaining the temperature of the alkali solution in the beaker
resistance to alkaline attack of porcelain enamels to be used as at 96.00 6 0.20°C.
3.3 Thermometer, calibrated, approximately 15 in. (380
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeB08onMetallic
mm)longand ⁄32in.(7.1mm)indiameter,with0.1°divisions.
and Inorganic Coatingsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.12 on
Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.
3.4 Drying Oven, electrically heated.
Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published April 2011. Originally
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C614–10. DOI:
10.1520/C0614-10R11E01.
This test was developed at the National Bureau of Standards under the See the appendix for drawings of the equipment. This equipment may be
sponsorship of The Porcelain Enamel Institute, Inc., and published as P. E. I. purchased from the Hoover Instrument Service, Inc., 401 N. Home Rd.,Mansfield,
Bulletin T-25. OH 44906.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C614 − 10 (2011)
NOTE 1—Test solution is in stainless steel beaker.
FIG. 1 Alkali Equipment in Operation
3.5 Balance,havingasensitivityof0.1mgandacapacityof with a soft cellulose sponge dampened with a 1% solution of
not less than 200 g. trisodium phosphate. A light pressure and a back-and-forth
motion in two directions, 90° apart, shall be used in the
3.6 Desiccator.
washing.Afterwashing,thespecimensshallberinsedfirstwith
3.7 Hot Plate, or burner suitable for heating the test solu-
runningtapwater,nextwithdistilledwaterandthenallowedto
tion.
drain in a near vertical position prior to oven-drying at 110°C
3.8 Sponge, soft, cellulose. for 15 min. The specimens shall be cooled in a desiccator for
30 min prior to weighing.
1 1 1
3.9 Aluminum Alloy Sheets, approximately 3 ⁄2 by 3 ⁄2 by ⁄8
in. (89 by 89 by 3.1 mm). 5.4 Weighing of Test Specimens—The specimens shall be
weighed immediately upon removal from the desiccator.
4. Reagents and Materials
Weightsshallberecordedto0.0001g.Theweighedspecimens
shall be stored in a desiccator until tested.
4.1 Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate, hydrated (Na P O ·
4 2 7
10H O), recrystallized, reagent grade.
6. Procedure
4.2 Trisodium Phosphate (Na PO ·12H O).
3 4 2
6.1 Preparation of Test Solution—Prepare the test solution
5. Test Specimens
by adding 260 g of tetrasodium pyrophosphate to 4.940 litres
of distilled water. Pour the entire amount of prepared solution
5.1 Preparation of Specimens— The test specimens shall
into the beaker and cover the rectangular slots with lids. Use a
be 3 ⁄2 in. (89 mm) square and may be prepared by enameling
freshly prepared solution for each set of six specimens.
metal blanks of that size or by cutting from a larger piece.
Hangingholes,ifnecessaryforfiringorweighingorboth,may
6.2 Preheating Test Solution—Place the temperature con-
beplacedatthecorners.Thespecimensshallbesufficientlyflat
trollerandstirrerinoperationandpreheatthesolutionto96°C.
to permit sealing in the holders. The edges of cut specimens
Heating may be expedited by placing the beaker on a hot plate
shallbestonedorfiledtoremoveanysharporlooselyadhering
or over a gas burner. When a temperature near 96°C has been
fragmentsofmetalorporcelainenamel.Itisrecommendedthat
reached, remove the beaker from the hot plate and place on an
the specimens be permanently marked on the back side for
insulated surface. Allow an equilibration period of 15 min for
identification.
all parts of the equipment to achieve a stable temperature, and
adjustment of the control point to yield the desired tempera-
5.2 Number of Specimens—Six specimens shall be tested
ture.
simultaneously.
5.3 Cleaning of Specimens Before Alkali Exposure —The 6.3 Preparation for Alkali Exposure— Place two clean,
specimens shall be rinsed with running tap water and
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