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ASTM D3375-16

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed IonExchange Materials

Standard Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed Ion<brk/>Exchange Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to evaluate unused mixed bed ion exchange materials for conformance to specifications. When a representative sample of the mixed bed can be obtained from an operating unit, this test method can be used to evaluate the regeneration efficiency by comparison with the same data obtained with new material from the same manufactured lots, or retained samples of the in-place products.  
5.2 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity in terms of the volume of water treated to a conductivity end point.  
5.3 The test method as written assumes that the cation exchange material has been regenerated to the hydrogen form with acid and the anion exchange material has been regenerated with alkali to the hydroxide or free-base form. In certain applications a cation exchange material in the potassium, ammonium, or other monovalent form may be encountered. Such materials may be tested following this procedure using Test Water A (Test Methods D1782) as the influent and substituting the hardness end point (Test Methods D1782) for the end points prescribed herein.  
5.4 In most cases the product tested will be properly mixed and will contain the correct proportions of anion and cation exchange materials. However, if the pH as well as the conductivity of the effluent is measured, the test method will indicate which of the components is present in excess; an acid effluent at breakthrough indicating an excess of regenerated cation exchange groups and an alkaline effluent an excess of regenerated anion exchange groups. In such cases the volumes of the two components obtained in the final backwash will indicate whether this imbalance arises from improper regeneration or from an improper ratio of the two components. It should be noted, however, that not all units are charged with a balanced ratio of anion-exchanging and cation-exchanging groups. Hence, wherever possible, a field sample should be evaluated in comparison with a retained sample ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance of particulate mixed bed ion exchange materials in the regenerated form when used for deionization. It is intended for use in testing unused mixed bed materials and samples of regenerated mixed beds from operating units.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2016
ICS
71.100.40 - Surface active agents
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3375-95a(2007) - Standard Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed Ion<br> Exchange Materials (Withdrawn 2016)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D7513-17 - Standard Test Method for Capacity of Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Cartridges
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D5217-17 - Standard Guide for Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion Exchange Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016

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ASTM D3375-16 - Standard Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed Ion<brk/>Exchange MaterialsASTM D3375-16 - Standard Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed Ion<brk/>Exchange Materials
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ASTM D3375-16 - Standard Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed Ion<brk/>Exchange Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3375 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed Ion
1
Exchange Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3375; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the perfor-
4.1 This test method consists of exhausting a column of
mance of particulate mixed bed ion exchange materials in the
regenerated mixed bed ion exchange material to a specific end
regenerated form when used for deionization. It is intended for
point with an influent solution of known composition and
use in testing unused mixed bed materials and samples of
volume.
regenerated mixed beds from operating units.
5. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
5.1 This test method can be used to evaluate unused mixed
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
bed ion exchange materials for conformance to specifications.
tion only and are not considered standard.
When a representative sample of the mixed bed can be
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
obtained from an operating unit, this test method can be used
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to evaluate the regeneration efficiency by comparison with the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
same data obtained with new material from the same manu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
factured lots, or retained samples of the in-place products.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.2 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity
in terms of the volume of water treated to a conductivity end
2. Referenced Documents
point.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis- 5.3 The test method as written assumes that the cation
tivity of Water exchange material has been regenerated to the hydrogen form
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water with acid and the anion exchange material has been regener-
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water ated with alkali to the hydroxide or free-base form. In certain
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water applications a cation exchange material in the potassium,
D1782 Test Methods for Operating Performance of Particu- ammonium, or other monovalent form may be encountered.
late Cation-Exchange Materials Such materials may be tested following this procedure using
D2687 PracticesforSamplingParticulateIon-ExchangeMa- Test Water A (Test Methods D1782) as the influent and
terials
substituting the hardness end point (Test Methods D1782) for
the end points prescribed herein.
3. Terminology
5.4 In most cases the product tested will be properly mixed
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms related to water,
and will contain the correct proportions of anion and cation
refer to Terminology D1129.
exchange materials. However, if the pH as well as the
conductivity of the effluent is measured, the test method will
indicate which of the components is present in excess; an acid
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
effluent at breakthrough indicating an excess of regenerated
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion
cation exchange groups and an alkaline effluent an excess of
Exchange Materials.
regenerated anion exchange groups. In such cases the volumes
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved
of the two components obtained in the final backwash will
in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3375 – 95a (2007). DOI:
10.1520/D3375-16.
indicate whether this imbalance arises from improper regen-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
eration or from an improper ratio of the two components. It
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
should be noted, however, that not all units are charged with a
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. balanced ratio of anion-exchanging and cation-exchanging
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3375 − 16
groups. Hence, wherever possible, a field sample should be 6.1.1 Column, transparent supported 2.5 6 0.25-cm (1 6
evaluated in comparison with a retained sample of the original 0.
...

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ASTM D4548-11(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Anion-Cation Balance of Mixed Bed Ion-Exchange Resins

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5.1 This test method is applicable to the analysis of new materials that are sold as mixtures and to samples taken from regenerable units containing mixtures of anion-exchanging and cation-exchanging materials. It is used to determine the ratio of the components without separating them from each other.  
5.2 This test method is intended for mixtures of ion-exchange materials that have salt-splitting capacity as measured by Test Method E of Test Methods and Practices D2187 for cation-exchange resins, and Test Method H for anion-exchange resins. In the case of cation-exchange resins, these are styrene-based polymers with sulfonic acid functional groups. The anion-exchanging materials in this class are styrene-based materials with quaternary ammonium functional groups. The test method will determine the amount of anion-exchange material of any functionality present in the mixture. However, when anionic groups that are not salt-splitting are present, the values for cationic groups will be high due to the acidic character of the anion effluent. Cationic groups that do not split salts are not measured.  
5.3 Samples are analyzed in this test method as received. It is not necessary that the cation-exchanging resin be in the hydrogen form and the anion-exchanging resin be in the hydroxide form for this test method.  
5.4 This test method may be used to determine if new materials are balanced to meet their specification values. In operating regenerable units, it may be used to determine if the components are separating properly or remixing properly. It may also be used to check for improper balance in bedding or for loss of a component during operation.  
5.5 This test method begins with the conversion to the hydrogen and chloride forms. However, it may be combined with the determination of the residual chloride and sulfate sites by elution with sodium nitrate as described in Test Methods J and L in Test Methods and Practices D2187. In such cases the hydrogen ion as well...
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1.1 This test method determines the ratio between the equivalents of anion-exchange capacity and the equivalents of cation-exchange capacity present in a physical mixture of salt-splitting anion-exchange material and salt-splitting cation-exchange material.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate Mixed Bed IonExchange Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to evaluate unused mixed bed ion exchange materials for conformance to specifications. When a representative sample of the mixed bed can be obtained from an operating unit, this test method can be used to evaluate the regeneration efficiency by comparison with the same data obtained with new material from the same manufactured lots, or retained samples of the in-place products.  
5.2 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity in terms of the volume of water treated to a conductivity end point.  
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ASTM D7742-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Nonylphenol Polyethoxylates (NPnEO, 3 ≤ n ≤ 18) and Octylphenol Polyethoxylates (OPnEO, 2 ≤ n ≤ 12) in Water by Single Reaction Monitoring (SRM) Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice has been developed in support of the U.S. EPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology by the Chicago Regional Laboratory (CRL).  
5.2 Nonylphenol (NP) and Octylphenol (OP) have been shown to have toxic effects in aquatic organisms. The prominent source of NP and OP is from common commercial surfactants which are longer chain APEOs. The most widely used surfactant is nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPnEO) which has an average ethoxylate chain length of nine. The APEOs are readily biodegraded to form NP1EO, NP2EO, nonylphenol carboxylate (NPEC) and NP. NP will also biodegrade, but may be released into environmental waters directly at trace levels. This practice screens for the longer chain APEOs which may enter the STP at elevated levels and may cause a STP to violate its permitted discharge concentration of nonylphenol.
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEO, 3 ≤ n ≤ 18) and octylphenol polyethoxylates (OPnEO, 2 ≤ n ≤ 12) in water by Single Reaction Monitoring (SRM) Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using direct injection liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. This is a screening practice with qualified quantitative data to check for the presence of longer chain ethoxylates in a water sample.  
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1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.3 The estimated screening range shown in Table 1 was calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 and 7 calibration standards shown in Table 4. These numbers are qualified, as explained in Section 1, and must be reported as such. Figs. 1-5 show the SRM chromatograms of each analyte at the Level 1 concentration with the signal to noise (S/N) ratio. This is a screening practice and method detection limits are not given. The S/N ratio for each analyte at the Level 1 concentration must be at least 5:1 for adequate sensitivity. If the instrument can not meet the criteria, the screening limit must be raised to an acceptable level.  
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FIG. 2 SRM Chromatograms NP9EO-NP14EO  
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FIG. 4 SRM Chromatograms OP2EO-OP7EO  
FIG. 5 SRM Chromatograms OP8EO-OP12EO  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
9.1 Cation exchange materials are frequently used in the sodium form to exchange divalent and trivalent ions in the influent water for sodium ions on the resin sites. This process is commonly referred to as softening water since it removes those ions that form a “hard” curd of insoluble salts with the fatty acids used in some soaps and that also precipitate when water is boiled. In such a process, sodium chloride is used as the regenerant to return the cation-exchanging groups to the sodium form.  
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Test Method B—Hydrogen Cycle  
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7.1 The particle size distribution of powdered ion exchange resins and, more importantly, the derived parameters of mean particle size and percent above and below specified size limits are useful for determining batch to batch variations and, in some cases, can be related to certain aspects of product performance.  
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7.1 The ionic form of an ion-exchange material affects both its equivalent mass and its equilibrium water content. These in turn influence the numerical values obtained in exchange capacity determinations, in density measurements, and in the size of the particles. To provide a uniform basis for comparison, therefore, the sample should be converted to a known ionic form before analysis. This procedure provides for the conversion of cation-exchange materials to the sodium form and anion-exchange materials to the chloride form prior to analysis. These forms are chosen since they permit samples to be weighed and dried without concern for air contamination or decomposition. If other ionic forms are used this fact should be noted in reporting the results.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the physical and chemical properties of ion-exchange resins when used for the treatment of water. They are intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following thirteen test methods are included:
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27 – 35  
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56 – 64    
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74 – 82    
Test Practice J—Ionic Chloride Content of Anion-Exchange Resins  
83 – 90  
Test Method K—Carbonate Content of Anion-Exchange Resins  
91 – 99  
Test Method L—Sulfate Content of Anion Exchange Resins  
100 – 108    
Test Practice M—Total Anion Capacity of Anion-Exchange Resins  
109 – 117  
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Standard Test Method for Operating Performance of Anion-Exchange Materials for Strong Acid Removal

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5.1 This test method can be used for evaluating performance of commercially available anion-exchange materials regardless of the basic strength of the ion exchange groups. When previous operating history is known, a good interpretation of resin fouling or malfunction can be obtained by comparison against a reference sample of unused ion-exchange material evaluated in the same way.  
5.2 While resistivity has been chosen as the preferred analytical method for defining the exhaustion end point, with titration as the alternative, it is understood that observation of pH during rinse and the service run can yield useful information. The variations in pH observed with an ion exchange material suspected of having degraded, can be helpful in interpretation of performance when compared with similar data for a reference sample of unused material exhausted in the same way.
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5.1 This test method can be used to evaluate unused mixed bed ion exchange cartridges for conformance to specifications.  
5.2 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity in terms of the volume of water treated to a conductivity end point.  
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5.4 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity on a cartridge basis.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance of mixed bed ion exchange resin cartridges in the active form when used for deionization. The test can be used to determine the initial capacity of unused cartridges or the remaining capacity of used cartridges. In this case performance is defined as ion exchange capacity (or throughput) to two defined endpoints. The method does not measure organics and does not attempt to determine the ultimate water quality attainable by the cartridge.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The salt removal capacity of a powdered resin precoat is limited by the capacity of either the anion-exchange resin or the cation-exchange resin contained in it. Applications include condensate polishing in fossil-fueled electric generating plants, as well as condensate polishing, spent fuel pool water treatment, reactor water treatment, and low-level radioactive liquid waste treatment in nuclear-powered electric generating plants.  
4.2 By determining the ion-exchange capacity profile of either a cation exchange resin or an anion-exchange resin (capacity expended per unit of time under specific conditions), it is possible to estimate runlength and remaining capacity when treating a liquid of the same makeup. Although they cannot accurately predict performance during condenser leaks, these test methods are useful for determining operating capacities as measured under the test conditions used.  
4.3 These test methods may be used to monitor the performance of either powdered anion-exchange resin or powdered cation-exchange resin. The total capacity of either resin depends primarily upon the number density of ion-exchange sites within the resin. The operating capacity is a function of the total capacity, degree of conversion to the desired ionic form when received, and properties of the resin and the system that affect ion exchange kinetics.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating ion-exchange capacity of both powdered cation-exchange resins (hydrogen form) and powdered anion-exchange resins (hydroxide form). These test methods are intended for use in testing new powdered ion-exchange resins when used for the treatment of water. The following two test methods are included:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Operating Capacity, Anion-Exchange
Resin, Hydroxide Form  
7 to 15    
Test Method B—Operating Capacity, Cation-Exchange
Resin, Hydrogen Form  
16 to 24  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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    English language
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