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ASTM G202-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Using Atmospheric Pressure Rotating Cage

Standard Test Method for Using Atmospheric Pressure Rotating Cage

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The rotating cage (RC) test system is relatively inexpensive system that uses flat specimens to assess the effect of flow across a specimen on the corrosion that occurs on the specimen. This system does not produce an easily characterized flow system but it is adjustable over a wide range of flow rates and uses readily available specimens. (1-11).  
The RC method can be used to evaluate either corrosion inhibitors or materials or both. Guide G184 describes the procedure to use rotating cage to evaluate corrosion inhibitors.
In this test method, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using atmospheric pressure RC described in Guide G184 to simulate the effects of different types of coupon materials, inhibitor concentrations, oil, gas and solution compositions, and flow. Oil field fluids may often contain sand; however, this test method does not cover erosive effects that occur when sand is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a generally accepted procedure to conduct the rotating cage (RC) experiment under atmospheric pressure.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2009
ICS
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.05 - Laboratory Corrosion Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM G202-12 - Standard Test Method for Using Atmospheric Pressure Rotating Cage
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012
Referred By
ASTM G205-16 - Standard Guide for Determining Emulsion Properties, Wetting Behavior, and Corrosion-Inhibitory Properties of Crude Oils
Effective Date
01-Oct-2009

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ASTM G202-09 - Standard Test Method for Using Atmospheric Pressure Rotating Cage
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G202 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Using Atmospheric Pressure Rotating Cage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope flow across a specimen on the corrosion that occurs on the
specimen. This system does not produce an easily character-
1.1 This test method covers a generally accepted procedure
ized flow system but it is adjustable over a wide range of flow
to conduct the rotating cage (RC) experiment under atmo-
rates and uses readily available specimens. (1-11).
spheric pressure.
3.2 TheRCmethodcanbeusedtoevaluateeithercorrosion
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
inhibitors or materials or both. Guide G184 describes the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
procedure to use rotating cage to evaluate corrosion inhibitors.
only.
3.3 In this test method, a general procedure is presented to
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
obtain reproducible results using atmospheric pressure RC
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
described in Guide G184 to simulate the effects of different
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
typesofcouponmaterials,inhibitorconcentrations,oil,gasand
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
solution compositions, and flow. Oil field fluids may often
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contain sand; however, this test method does not cover erosive
2. Referenced Documents
effects that occur when sand is present.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Apparatus
D1141 Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean
Water 4.1 Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the atmospheric
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water pressure RC system. The vessel is manufactured from acrylic.
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water At the bottom of the container, a polytetrafluoroethylene
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro- (PTFE) base is snugly fitted. Vessel made from other materials
sion Test Specimens may be used provided it is first ascertained that they are
G16 Guide for Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion compatible with the solutions and gases to be used in the test.
Data At the center of the base, a hole is drilled, into which the lower
G31 PracticeforLaboratoryImmersionCorrosionTestingof end of the rotating shaft is placed. This arrangement stabilizes
Metals the rotating shaft and the coupons. The length of the rotating
G46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Cor-
shaft between the top and bottom covers is 40 cm (15.7 in.).
rosion The rotating cage is attached to the shaft in such a way that the
G170 Guide for Evaluating and Qualifying Oilfield and
top of the cage is 30 cm (11.8 in.) from the bottom cover.
Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors in the Laboratory
4.2 Eight identical coupons machined from the same mate-
G184 Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and
rial (each of length 75 mm, width 19 mm, thickness 3 mm, and
Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using Rotating Cage 2
surfacearea34.14cm )aresupportedbetweentwoPTFEdisks
(of 80-mm diameter) mounted 75 mm apart on the stirring rod
3. Significance and Use
(Fig. 2). Holes (diameter 10 mm) about 15 mm away from the
3.1 The rotating cage (RC) test system is relatively inex-
centeraredrilledinthetopandbottomPTFEplatesofthecage
pensive system that uses flat specimens to assess the effect of
to increase the turbulence on the inside surface of the coupon
(Fig. 3).This experimental setup can be used at rotation speeds
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on
up to 1000 r/min.
Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on
Laboratory Corrosion Tests. 4.3 The rotation speed is selected based on field operating
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. DOI:
conditions. To determine the rotation speed the wall shear
10.1520/G0202-09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G202 − 09
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Rotating Cage
G170. If the field operating conditions are unknown the
rotation speed shall be 500 r/min.
4.4 Flow patterns inside the RC depend on the rotation
speed, the volume of the container, volume of the solution, and
the nature of the solution used. The flow patterns are described
in Guide G170.
4.5 Volume of solution to the surface area of the specimen
has some effect on the corrosion rate. The minimum solution
3 2
volume(cm )tometalsurfacearea(cm )isnotlessthan14cm
3 2
(cm /cm ) (10).
5. Reagents
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent-grade chemicals shall be
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
all reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on
Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
the experiment.
5.2 The composition of the solution shall be determined and
FIG. 2 Photo of Rotating Cage Containing Coupons—Gaps (Typi-
reported. Alternatively, standard brine (such as in Practice
cally 0.85 6 0.01 cm) between the Coupons Introduce Localized
Turbulence
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory
stress of the field is first determined. Based on the wall shear
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
stresstherotationspeediscalculated.Therelationshipbetween
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
rotation speed and wall shear stress is described in Guide MD.
G202 − 09
FIG. 3 Photo of Rotating Cage (Top View)—Holes (Typically 1.0 cm Diameter, about 1.5 cm from the Center) Introduce Localized Turbu-
lence
D1141) shall be used. The solutions shall be prepared using 5.6 The solution pH before and after testing shall be
reagents (in accordance with 5.1) and deionized water (in measured, recorded, and reported (in accordance with Test
accordance with Specification D1193). Methods D1293).
5.3 The solution shall be deoxygenated by passing nitrogen
6. Test Specimen
or any other inert gas to reduce the oxygen content. The
solution shall be kept under deoxygenated conditions. The
6.1 Methodsforpreparingspecimensfortestsandremoving
oxygen concentration in solution depends on the quality of
specimens after the test are described in Practice G1. Standard
gases used to purge the solution. The oxygen content of
laboratory glassware shall be used for weighing and measuring
nitrogen or the inert gas shall be less then 10 ppm by volume.
reagent volumes.
Any leaks through the vessel, tubing, and joints shall be
6.2 The coupon shall have the same metallographic struc-
avoided.
ture as that used in the service components. The coupons shall
5.4 Warning—Hydrogen sulphide (H S) and carbon diox-
be ground to a surface finish of 150 grit. The grinding shall
ide (CO ) are corrosive gases. H S is poisonous and shall not
2 2
produce a reproducible surface finish with no rust deposits,
be released to the atmosphere. The appropriate composition of
pits, or deep scratches.All sharp edges on the coupon shall be
gas can be obtained by mixing H S and CO streams from the
2 2
ground. All loose dirt particles shall be removed.
standard laboratory gas supply. Nitrogen or any other inert gas
6.3 The coupons are rinsed with distilled water, degreased
can be used as a diluent to obtain the required composition of
by immersing in acetone (or any suitable alcohol), ultrasoni-
corrosive gases. The oxygen content of these gases shall not
cally cleaned for 1 min, and dried. The surface of the
exceed 10 ppm by volume.
specimens shall not be touched with bare hands. The speci-
5.5 Toensureproperdeoxygenationandpresaturationofthe
mens are weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg, the dimensions are
solution at least 1.5 L of purge gas/L of test solution shall be
measured to the nearest 0.1 mm, and the surface areas are
bubbled through the test solution at a rate no less then
calculated.
25 mL/min.
6.4 Freshly prepared specimens are installed in the rotating
NOTE 1—Bubbling gas using a tube of internal diameter (0.635 cm or
cage holder. If the test is not commenced within 4 h, the
⁄4 in.) at a rate of 4 bubbles/s for 1 h corresponds to passing 1.447 L of
1 prepared coupons shall be stored in a desiccator to avoid
gas, assuming that the bubbles are spherical in shape with a diameter of ⁄4
inch (0.635 cm) and a volume of 0.1005 cm . pre-rusting.
G202 − 09
7. Procedure shall be calculated using the method presented in Guide G16.
If pitting corrosion is observed, then the general corrosion rate
7.1 A detailed procedure to determine corrosion rates from
determined from mass loss could be invalid.
mass loss is described in Practice G31.
7.2 Thesolutionisprepared,deoxygenatedandpresaturated 8. Report
with appropriate gas or gas mixture in a separate container. It
8.1 All information and data shall be recorded as com-
shall be transferred to the experimental vessel under positive
pletely as possible. Practice G31 provides a checklist for
nitrogen pressure to minimize air contamination during the
reporting corrosion data.
transfer operation.
8.2 Rotation speed and the rational of using the rotating
7.3 The experiment shall be conducted at room temperature
speed shall be
...

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4.1 It is important to be able to determine the extent of pitting, either in a service application in which it is necessary to predict the remaining life in a metal structure, or in laboratory test programs that are used to select the most pitting-resistant materials for service. The purpose of the study is crucial in determining the appropriate examination and evaluation steps.  
4.2 Some typical purposes of laboratory tests include, but are not limited to, evaluating performance of alloys, determining whether an alloy is resistant to the environment, evaluating how environmental conditions including corrosion inhibitor affect or prevent pitting, and evaluating whether a lot of metal is sufficiently resistant for its use in a particular application or environment.  
4.3 Some typical purposes of field studies include, but are not limited to, determining if pits are likely to grow and cause leak or release of process fluid, and assisting a determination of whether to replace or repair damage from pits (remaining life assessment).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures that can be used in the examination and evaluation of pitted metals. These procedures include both nondestructive and destructive approaches.  
1.2 The procedures covered in this guide include those that may be used in laboratory evaluations of corroded metal specimens and field examinations and inspections.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—In X1.2.1, mils per year (MPY) are regarded as standard for the target corrosion rate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G186-05(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Whether Gas-Leak-Detector Fluid Solutions Can Cause Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Brass components are routinely used in compressed gas service for valves, pressure regulators, connectors and many other components. Although soft brass is not susceptible to ammonia SCC, work-hardened brass is susceptible if its hardness exceeds about 54 HR 30T (55HRB) (Rockwell scale). Normal assembly of brass components should not induce sufficient work hardening to cause susceptibility to ammonia SCC. However, it is has been observed that over-tightening of the components will render them susceptible to SCC, and the problem becomes more severe in older components that have been tightened many times. In this test, the specimens are obtained in the hardened condition and are strained beyond the elastic limit to accelerate the tendency towards SCC.  
5.2 It is normal practice to use LDFs to check pressurized systems to assure that leaking is not occurring. LDFs are usually aqueous solutions containing surfactants that will form bubbles at the site of a leak. If the LDF contains ammonia or other agent that can cause SCC in brass, serious damage can occur to the system that will compromise its safety and integrity.  
5.3 It is important to test LDFs to assure that they do not cause SCC of brass and to assure that the use of these products does not compromise the integrity of the pressure containing system.  
5.4 It has been found that corrosion of brass is necessary before SCC can occur. The reason for this is that the corrosion process results in cupric and cuprous ions accumulating in the electrolyte. Therefore, adding copper metal and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) to the aqueous solution accelerates the SCC process if agents that cause SCC are present. However, adding these components to a solution that does not cause SCC will not make stressed brass crack.  
5.5 Repeated application of the solution to the specimen followed by a drying period causes the components in the solution to concentrate thereby further increasing the rate of cracking. This also simulates se...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test method for evaluating the tendency of gas leak detection fluids (LDFs) to cause stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass components in compressed gas service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G37-98(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of Mattsson's Solution of pH 7.2 to Evaluate the Stress-Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Copper-Zinc Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test environment is believed to give an accelerated ranking of the relative or absolute degree of stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility for different brasses. It has been found to correlate well with the corresponding service ranking in environments that cause stress-corrosion cracking which is thought to be due to the combined presence of traces of moisture and ammonia vapor. The extent to which the accelerated ranking correlates with the ranking obtained after long-term exposure to environments containing corrodents other than ammonia is not at present known. Examples of such environments may be severe marine atmospheres (Cl−), severe industrial atmospheres (predominantly SO2), and super-heated ammonia-free steam.  
4.2 It is not possible at present to specify any particular time to failure (defined on the basis of any particular failure criteria) in pH 7.2 Mattsson’s solution that corresponds to a distinction between acceptable and unacceptable stress-corrosion behavior in brass alloys. Such particular correlations must be determined individually.  
4.3 Mattsson's solution of pH 7.2 may also cause stress independent general and intergranular corrosion of brasses to some extent. This leads to the possibility of confusing stress-corrosion failures with mechanical failures induced by corrosion-reduced net cross sections. This danger is particularly great with small cross section specimens, high applied stress levels, long exposure periods and stress-corrosion resistant alloys. Careful metallographic examination is recommended for correct diagnosis of the cause of failure. Alternatively, unstressed control specimens may be exposed to evaluate the extent to which stress independent corrosion degrades mechanical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation and use of Mattsson’s solution of pH 7.2 as an accelerated stress-corrosion cracking test environment for brasses (copper-zinc base alloys). The variables (to the extent that these are known at present) that require control are described together with possible means for controlling and standardizing these variables.  
1.2 This practice is recommended only for brasses (copper-zinc base alloys). The use of this test environment is not recommended for other copper alloys since the results may be erroneous, providing completely misleading rankings. This is particularly true of alloys containing aluminum or nickel as deliberate alloying additions.  
1.3 This practice is intended primarily where the test objective is to determine the relative stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility of different brasses under the same or different stress conditions or to determine the absolute degree of stress corrosion cracking susceptibility, if any, of a particular brass or brass component under one or more specific stress conditions. Other legitimate test objectives for which this test solution may be used do, of course, exist. The tensile stresses present may be known or unknown, applied or residual. The practice may be applied to wrought brass products or components, brass castings, brass weldments, and so forth, and to all brasses. Strict environmental test conditions are stipulated for maximum assurance that apparent variations in stress-corrosion susceptibility are attributable to real variations in the material being tested or in the tensile stress level and not to environmental variations.  
1.4 This practice relates solely to the preparation and control of the test environment. No attempt is made to recommend surface preparation or finish, or both, as this may vary with the test objectives. Similarly, no attempt is made to recommend particular stress-corrosion test specimen configurations or methods of applying the stress. Test specimen configurations that may be used are referenced in Practice G30 and STP 425.2  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included ...

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