ASTM F1522-95(2001)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of the Steam Stripping Process in Mitigating Chemical Spills (Withdrawn 2007)
Standard Guide for Use of the Steam Stripping Process in Mitigating Chemical Spills (Withdrawn 2007)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for the use of steam stripping in the mitigation of spilled chemicals (including hydrocarbons) dissolved in ground and surface waters. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response.
1.2 This guide addresses the application of steam stripping alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
1.3 In making decisions with regards to discharging treated water and operating a boiler, appropriate government authorities must be consulted as required by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety and health protocols.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers the considerations for the use of steam stripping in the mitigation of spilled chemicals (including hydrocarbons) dissolved in ground and surface waters. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, this guide was withdrawn in November 2007 due to lack of use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F1522–95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Guide for
Use of the Steam Stripping Process in Mitigating Chemical
Spills
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1522; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope is, the compound is more easily stripped from water than one
with a low Henry’s law constant. Theoretically, Henry’s law
1.1 Thisguidecoverstheconsiderationsfortheuseofsteam
constant can be estimated from vapor pressure, solubility, and
stripping in the mitigation of spilled chemicals (including
molecular weight as follows (1):
hydrocarbons) dissolved in ground and surface waters. Aes-
thetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, V 3 MW 3 16.03
p
HC 5 (1)
these and other factors are often important in spill response. sol 3 T
1.2 This guide addresses the application of steam stripping
where:
alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
3 3
HC = Henry’s law constant (atm m water/m vapor),
1.3 In making decisions with regards to discharging treated
V = vapor pressure (mm Hg),
p
water and operating a boiler, appropriate government authori-
MW = molecular weight (g/mole),
ties must be consulted as required by law.
sol = solubility (mg/L), and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
T = temperature (K).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.1.5 inorganic foulants—compounds,suchasthoseofiron,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
calcium, and manganese, which precipitate in a treatment unit,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
thereby reducing the throughput and efficiency of the process.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the
2.1.6 packing—is placed in a stripping column to increase
responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes
the available surface area for mass transfer.
place under the control and direction of a qualified person with
2.1.7 pH—a measure of the acidity or alkalinity represent-
fullknowledgeofanypotentialorappropriatesafetyandhealth
ing the logarithm of the reciprocal of the concentration of
protocols.
hydrogen ions.
2.1.8 purge and trap technique—uses an inert gas (such as
2. Terminology
helium or nitrogen) to purge the compounds into a gaseous
2.1 Definitions:
state.
2.1.1 feed-to-steam ratio—ratio of feed flowrate (by
2.1.9 removal effıciency—
weight) to steam flowrate (by weight).
@inlet contaminant# 2 @outlet contaminant#
2.1.2 foulants—substances, such as clay or silt, microbial
3 100 % (2)
inlet contaminant
@ #
biomass, organic solids or film, inorganics, and naturally
2.1.10 semi-volatile organic compound—a compound that
occurring compounds, that interfere with the desired process.
is amenable to analysis by extraction of the sample with an
2.1.3 Henry’s law—when a liquid and a gas are in contact,
organic solvent. It is used synonymously with Base/Neutral/
theweightofthegasthatdissolvesinagivenquantityofliquid
Acid (BNA) compounds.
is proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid. The
2.1.11 steam stripping—a separation process that utilizes
law holds true only for equilibrium conditions, that is, when
differences in the thermodynamic properties of liquids. In this
enough time has elapsed so that the quantity of gas dissolved
process, steam and organic-contaminated water are fed
is no longer changing.
counter-currently to a packed column, causing the transfer of
2.1.4 Henry’s law constant—a function of the compound’s
the contaminant(s) from the water phase to the vapor phase.
solubility in the liquid phase and its volatility. A high Henry’s
The driving force for the separation is the concentration
law constant indicates equilibrium favoring the gas phase, that
differential of the organic component(s) between the liquid and
vapor phases. Two streams are generated in this process,
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F20.22 on Mitigation Actions.
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Originally The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
published as F 1522 – 94. Last previous edition F 1522 – 94. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1522
namely: bottoms (treated effluent) and tops or overhead (con- 4.6 Steam stripping may be used to concentrate a dilute
centrated contaminant). contaminated stream so that it may be treated more cost
2.1.12 equilibrium vapor pressure—the pressure at which, effectively at a higher concentration with another technology.
at constant temperature, a pure substance’s vaporization, and
5. Constraints on Usage
condensation rates are at equilibrium.
5.1 Literature searches on the predicted removal efficiencies
2.1.13 volatile organic compound—a compound amenable
to analysis by the purge and trap technique. It is used are essential prior to field scale treatment. Bench scale testing
should be done where complex mixtures are present or
synonymously with purgeable compounds.
2.1.14 volatility—the tendency of a solid or liquid material behavior cannot be calculated by theory.
5.2 The nature and concentration of contaminant will affect
to pass into the vapor state at a given temperature.
the overall system performance. In general, organic com-
3. Factors
pounds with higher Henry’s constant are more easily stripped.
3.1 Removal efficiency is highly dependent on the proper-
5.3 Generally, inorganic foulants, such as iron, calcium, and
ties of contaminants, such as Henry’s law constant and vapor manganese, in the ppm range, reduce throughput and efficiency
pressure, and the system operating parameters, such as tem- of the process. This phenomenon is common in most organic
perature and steam-to-water ratio. An increase in any of these treatment units regardless of the mechanism employed. Gen-
parameters or properties produces a corresponding increase in erally, pre-treatment systems involving chemical addition (that
removal efficiency, assuming all other factors remain constant. is, pH adjustment) or membrane technology, or both, are the
3.2 Other factors that influence removal efficiency include most economical and effective for inorganic removal. Al-
the size and type of column packing and the ratio of column though, in some cases, the change in pH can affect the removal
diameter to packing diameter. In addition, the presence of efficiency.
solids will cause fouling that would reduce the throughput of 5.4 Steam stripping must be carried out under the guidance
the unit and could affect organic removal efficiency. of qualified personnel that understand the contaminant, pro-
3.3 For compounds less volatile than water, the ability to
cess, and safety and health aspects of site activities.
form minimum boiling azeotropes or heteroazeotropes is 5.5 Steamstrippingcannotremovecertaincompounds,such
considered indicative of good potential for steam stripping. In
as: acetic acid, glycols (ethylene or propylene), glycerine,
these mixtures, heating a dilute solution will result in a vapor sulfonated organics, and inorganics (except in free gaseous
phase richer in the contaminant even though the contaminant
dissolved form, such as ammonia and carbon dioxide).
has a lower vapor pressure than water. The
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.