F20.22 - Mitigation Actions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—This guide contains information regarding the use of AOPs to oxidize and eventually mineralize hazardous materials that have entered surface and groundwater as the result of a spill. These guidelines will only refer to those units that are currently applied at a field scale level. The user should review applicable state regulations and guidance on the applicability of AOP (see California DTSC 2010, New Jersey DEP 2017, Oklahoma DEQ 2017).  
Note 1: Commercialization of AOP for the treatment of wastewater and process water is fairly mature. Several transnational companies offer mobile and large-scale processing units for the treatment of persistent chemicals of concern. Standard Guides D5745, E2081, and E2616 may be useful. Fig. 1 illustrates the general AOP process.
FIG. 1 Schematic Illustration of Hydroxyl Radical's Generation for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants
Source: Amor, Carlos, et al. Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Recalcitrant Agro-Industrial Wastewater: A Review. Water 2019, 11(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020205 (open access publication)
Fig. 2 illustrates the range of AOP technologies.
FIG. 2 Examples of Advanced Oxidation Processes
Source: Amor, Carlos, et al. Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Recalcitrant Agro-Industrial Wastewater: A Review. Water 2019, 11(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020205 (open access publication)  
4.2 Oxidizing Agents:  
4.2.1 Hydroxyl Radical (OH)—The OH radical is the most common oxidizing agent employed by this technology due to its powerful oxidizing ability. When compared to other oxidants such as molecular ozone , hydrogen peroxide, or hypochlorite, its rate of attack is commonly much faster. In fact, it is typically one million (106) to one billion (109) times faster than the corresponding attack with molecular ozone (Keller and Reed, 1991 (1)).9 The three most common methods for generating the hydroxyl radical ar...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters.  
1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide contains information regarding the containment of a hazardous material that has escaped from its container. If a material can be contained, the impact on the environment and the threat it poses to responders and the general public is usually reduced. The techniques described in this guide are among those that may be used by emergency responders to lessen the impact of a discharge. Initial hazard assessment should be performed before applying mitigation techniques.  
4.2 Emergency responders might include police, fire service personnel, government spill response personnel, industrial response personnel, or spill response contractors. In order to apply any of the techniques described in this guide, appropriate training is recommended. See OSHA Hazardous Waste and Emergency Response Standard (HAZWOPER) requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread of hazardous materials that have been discharged into the environment. It is directed toward those emergency response personnel who have had adequate hazardous material response training.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These methods are to be used as a basis for comparison of absorbents in a consistent manner.  
5.2 These tests are not appropriate for adsorbent materials which are covered in Test Method F726.  
5.3 These methods are not useful for a comparison of absorbents with adsorbents, even though all absorbents exhibit adsorbent properties. Both types of materials have prime areas of utility.  
5.4 These methods may not list all the safety and disposal options necessary for safe ultimate disposal of used sorbent material into the environment. Federal, state, and local regulatory rules must be followed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the development of laboratory test data that describe the performance of absorbent materials (and their retention ability) for use on chemical and light hydrocarbon spills.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For a specific warning statement see 10.4.)  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used as a basis for comparison of adsorbents in a consistent manner.  
5.2 These tests are not appropriate for absorbent materials that are covered in Methods F716.
Note 1: Ensure that material compatibilities exist between the sorbent and the hazardous substance which may be sorbed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory tests that describe the performance of adsorbents in removing crude oils, nonemulsified oils and other floating, immiscible liquids from the surface of water.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 8.3.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These methods are to be used as a basis for comparison of absorbents in a consistent manner.
These tests are not appropriate for adsorbent materials which are covered in Test Method F726.
These methods are not useful for a comparison of absorbents with adsorbents, even though all absorbents exhibit adsorbent properties. Both types of materials have prime areas of utility.
These methods may not list all the safety and disposal options necessary for safe ultimate disposal of used sorbent material into the environment. Federal, state, and local regulatory rules must be followed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the development of laboratory test data which describe the performance of absorbent materials used to remove oils and other compatible fluids from water.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. (For a specific warning statement see 10.4.)
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods cover the development of laboratory test data which describe the performance of absorbent materials used to remove oils and other compatible fluids from water.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, these test methods were withdrawn in July 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide contains information regarding the containment of a hazardous material that has escaped from its container. If a material can be contained, the impact on the environment and the threat it poses to responders and the general public is usually reduced. The techniques described in this guide are among those that may be used by emergency responders to lessen the impact of a discharge.  
4.2 Emergency responders might include police, fire service personnel, government spill response personnel, industrial response personnel, or spill response contractors. In order to apply any of the techniques described in this guide, appropriate training is recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread of hazardous materials that have been discharged into the environment. It is directed toward those emergency response personnel who have had adequate hazardous material response training.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 General—This guide contains information regarding the use of AOPs to oxidize and eventually mineralize hazardous materials that have entered surface and groundwater as the result of a spill. Since much of this technology development is still at the benchscale level, these guidelines will only refer to those units that are currently applied at a field scale level.  
3.2 Oxidizing Agents:  
3.2.1 Hydroxyl Radical (OH)—The OH radical is the most common oxidizing agent employed by this technology due to its powerful oxidizing ability. When compared to other oxidants such as molecular ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or hypochlorite, its rate of attack is commonly much faster. In fact, it is typically one million (106) to one billion (109) times faster than the corresponding attack with molecular ozone (1).2 The three most common methods for generating the hydroxyl radical are described in the following equations:
3.2.1.1 Hydrogen peroxide is the preferred oxidant for photolytic oxidation systems since ozone will encourage the air stripping of solutions containing volatile organics (2) . Capital and operating costs are also taken into account when a decision on the choice of oxidant is made.
3.2.1.2 Advanced oxidation technology has also been developed based on the anatase form of titanium dioxide. This method by which the photocatalytic process generates hydroxyl radicals is described in the following equations:
3.2.2 Photolysis—Destruction pathways, besides the hydroxyl radical attack, are very important for the more refractory compounds such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, and other chlorinated methane or ethane compounds. A photoreactor's ability to destroy these compounds photochemically will depend on its output level at specific wavelengths. Since most of these lamps are proprietary, preliminary benchscale testing becomes crucial when dealing with these compounds.  
3.3 AOP Treatment Techn...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters.  
1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is to be used as a basis for comparison of adsorbents in a consistent manner.
These tests are not appropriate for absorbent materials that are covered in Methods F716.
Note 1—Ensure that material compatibilities exist between the sorbent and the hazardous substance which may be sorbed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory tests that describe the performance of adsorbents in removing nonemulsified oils and other floating, immiscible liquids from the surface of water.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 8.3.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide contains information regarding the containment of a hazardous material that has escaped from its container. If a material can be contained, the impact on the environment and the threat it poses to responders and the general public is usually reduced. The techniques described in this guide are among those that may be used by emergency responders to lessen the impact of a discharge.
Emergency responders might include police, fire service personnel, government spill response personnel, industrial response personnel, or spill response contractors. In order to apply any of the techniques described in this guide, appropriate training is recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread of hazardous materials that have been discharged into the environment. It is directed toward those emergency response personnel who have had adequate hazardous material response training.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the development of laboratory test data which describe the performance of absorbent materials used to remove oils and other compatible fluids from water.
1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. (For a specific warning statement see 10.4 .)

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters.
1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread of hazardous materials that have been discharged into the environment. It is directed toward those emergency response personnel who have had adequate hazardous material response training.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is to be used as a basis for comparison of adsorbents in a consistent manner.
These tests are not appropriate for absorbent materials that are covered in Methods F 716.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory tests that describe the performance of adsorbents in removing nonemulsified oils and other floating, immiscible liquids from the surface of water.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 8.3.1.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread of hazardous materials that have been discharged into the environment. It is directed toward those emergency response personnel who have had adequate hazardous material response training.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread of hazardous materials that have been discharged into the environment. It is directed toward those emergency response personnel who have had adequate hazardous material response training.

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers laboratory tests which describe the performance of adsorbents in removing nonemulsified oils and other floating, immiscible liquids from the surface of water.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers considerations for the use of membrane technology in the mitigation of dilute concentrations of spilled chemicals into ground and surface waters.  
1.2 This guide addresses the application of membrane technology alone or in conjunction with other technologies.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety and health protocols.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
General—This guide contains information regarding the use of membrane technology to recover and concentrate hazardous materials that have entered surface and ground water as the result of a spill. Membrane technology may be applied alone or in conjunction with other treatment techniques, as follows:
4.1.1 Different types of membrane are used in series with filters to treat highly contaminated solutions reaching concentration levels of several parts per million of organic and inorganic materials.
4.1.2 Different types of membranes are applied in series to treat very dilute concentrations (parts per billion level) of organic and inorganic compounds. Each membrane type has the ability to remove specific compounds, thus producing a concentrated fraction. This fraction may require final off-site treatment but provides a significant reduction in transportation costs due to the large volume reduction achieved.
4.1.3 Membranes may be used in conjunction with destruction technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This method is recommended for dilute solutions. The membrane technology portion concentrates the compounds to an optimum level for AOP destruction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers considerations for the use of membrane technology in the mitigation of dilute concentrations of spilled chemicals into ground and surface waters.  
1.2 This guide addresses the application of membrane technology alone or in conjunction with other technologies.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety and health protocols.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for the use of steam stripping in the mitigation of spilled chemicals (including hydrocarbons) dissolved in ground and surface waters. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response.
1.2 This guide addresses the application of steam stripping alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
1.3 In making decisions with regards to discharging treated water and operating a boiler, appropriate government authorities must be consulted as required by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety and health protocols.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters.
1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters.
1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These methods are to be used as a basis for comparison of absorbents in a consistent manner.
These methods are not useful for a comparison of absorbents with adsorbents, even though all absorbents exhibit adsorbent properties. Both types of materials have prime areas of utility.
These methods may not list all the safety and disposal options necessary for safe ultimate disposal of used sorbent material into the environment. Federal, state, and local regulatory rules must be followed.
SCOPE
1.1 These methods cover the development of laboratory test data which describe the performance of absorbent materials used to remove oils and other compatible fluids from water.
1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. (For a specific warning statement see 10.4.)

SCOPE
1.1 These methods cover the development of laboratory test data which describe the performance of absorbent materials used to remove oils and other compatible fluids from water.
1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. (For a specific warning statement see 10.4.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
General—This guide contains information regarding the use of membrane technology to recover and concentrate hazardous materials that have entered surface and ground water as the result of a spill. Membrane technology may be applied alone or in conjunction with other treatment techniques, as follows:
Different types of membrane are used in series with filters to treat highly contaminated solutions reaching concentration levels of several parts per million of organic and inorganic materials.
Different types of membranes are applied in series to treat very dilute concentrations (parts per billion level) of organic and inorganic compounds. Each membrane type has the ability to remove specific compounds, thus producing a concentrated fraction. This fraction may require final off-site treatment but provides a significant reduction in transportation costs due to the large volume reduction achieved.
Membranes may be used in conjunction with destruction technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This method is recommended for dilute solutions. The membrane technology portion concentrates the compounds to an optimum level for AOP destruction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers considerations for the use of membrane technology in the mitigation of dilute concentrations of spilled chemicals into ground and surface waters.
1.2 This guide addresses the application of membrane technology alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety and health protocols.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers considerations for the use of membrane technology in the mitigation of dilute concentrations of spilled chemicals into ground and surface waters.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, this guide was withdrawn in July 2015. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for the use of steam stripping in the mitigation of spilled chemicals (including hydrocarbons) dissolved in ground and surface waters. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response.
1.2 This guide addresses the application of steam stripping alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
1.3 In making decisions with regards to discharging treated water and operating a boiler, appropriate government authorities must be consulted as required by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety and health protocols.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers the considerations for the use of steam stripping in the mitigation of spilled chemicals (including hydrocarbons) dissolved in ground and surface waters. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, this guide was withdrawn in November 2007 due to lack of use.