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ASTM D4685/D4685M-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion

Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for quality control testing and commercial shipment acceptance.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take test specimens that are from the lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 Finishes and changes in fabric surfaces may exert a large effect on pile retention of corduroy. Therefore, it may be desirable to test before as well as after laundering or drycleaning, or both.  
5.3 The separate testing of specimens on the face and back of the fabric is important in this test method since the pile pull-out may be due to abrasive action on either the face or back. With many pile fabrics, specifically corduroy constructions, pile retention properties are worse when abraded on the back.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion of pile fabrics when the loss of pile tuffs occur, sometimes called pile retention or pile pull out. It includes two procedures:  
1.1.1 Procedure A—The “Heavy Duty” procedure describes the test option for fabrics over 240 g/m2 (7 oz/yd2) or fabrics which should meet heavy duty end-use conditions of wear.  
1.1.2 Procedure B—The “Light Duty” procedure describes the test option for fabrics under 240 g/m2 (7 oz/yd2) or fabrics which should meet light duty end-use conditions of wear.  
1.2 The test method is intended for both regular, ribless woven corduroy or other woven pile fabric constructions.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2015
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4685-07(2011)e1 - Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion
Effective Date
01-Aug-2015
Replaced By
ASTM D4685/D4685M-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Referred By
ASTM G195-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
Effective Date
01-Aug-2015
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Aug-2015

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4685/D4685M − 15
Standard Test Method for
1
Pile Fabric Abrasion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4685/D4685M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
Methods
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
sion of pile fabrics when the loss of pile tuffs occur, sometimes
ASTM Test Methods
calledpileretentionorpilepullout.Itincludestwoprocedures:
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1.1 Procedure A—The “Heavy Duty” procedure describes
2 2 Determine the Precision of a Test Method
the test option for fabrics over 240 g/m (7 oz/yd ) or fabrics
3
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
which should meet heavy duty end-use conditions of wear.
Photographic Scale for Pile Retention
1.1.2 Procedure B—The “Light Duty” procedure describes
4
2 2 2.3 AATCC Method:
the test option for fabrics under 240 g/m (7 oz/yd ) or fabrics
TM 135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after Home Laun-
which should meet light duty end-use conditions of wear.
dering
1.2 The test method is intended for both regular, ribless
woven corduroy or other woven pile fabric constructions. 3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59 on Fabric Test
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Methods, General, see Terminology D4850.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
abrasion, corduroy, pile fabric, pile retention, velveteen.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.3 FordefinitionsofallothertextiletermsseeTerminology
with the standard.
D123.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
4. Summary of Test Method
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
4.1 Test specimens are exposed to a specified number of
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
abrasion cycles on face and back separately and then evaluated
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
by viewing the specimen over a light box and comparing to
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
photographicstandards.Themethodmeasuresonlytheamount
of pile pulled out of the base fabric structure and not the
2. Referenced Documents
surface pile appearance attributes, such as crushed or flatten
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ribs.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles 5. Significance and Use
D2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for quality
Apparel Fabrics
control testing and commercial shipment acceptance.
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser
and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine
if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
General. of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take test
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published September 2015. Originally
ɛ1
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4685 – 07(2011) .
3
DOI: 10.1520/D4685_D4685M-15. A set of six photographic standards for pile retention of corduroy fabrics is
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJ4685.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
the ASTM website. www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4685/D4685M − 15
specimens that are from the lot of material of the type in
question.Thetestspecimensshould
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4685 − 07 (Reapproved 2011) D4685/D4685M − 15
Standard Test Method for
1
Pile Fabric Abrasion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4685;D4685/D4685M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—The Terminology section was updated in June 2011.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion of pile fabrics when the loss of pile tuffs occur, sometimes called
pile retention or pile pull out. It includes two procedures:
2 2
1.1.1 Procedure A—The “Heavy Duty” procedure describes the test option for fabrics over 240 g/m (7 oz/yd ) or fabrics which
should meet heavy duty end-use conditions of wear.
2 2
1.1.2 Procedure B—The “Light Duty” procedure describes the test option for fabrics under 240 g/m (7 oz/yd ) or fabrics which
should meet light duty end-use conditions of wear.
1.2 The test method is intended for both regular, ribless woven corduroy or other woven pile fabric constructions.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the separately as standard. The values stated
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
Photographic Scale for Pile Retention
4
2.3 AATCC Method:
TM 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Woven or Knit Fabricsof Fabrics after Home Laundering
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods.Methods, General, see Terminology D4850.
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: abrasion, corduroy, pile fabric, pile retention, velveteen.
3.3 For definitions of all other textile terms see Terminology D123.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods, General.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011Aug. 1, 2015. Published June 2011September 2015. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as
ɛ1
D4685 – 07.D4685 – 07(2011) . DOI: 10.1520/D4685-07R11E01.10.1520/D4685_D4685M-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
A set of six photographic standards for pile retention of corduroy fabrics is available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,International Headquarters. Order
Adjunct No. ADJ4685W. Conchohocken, PA 19483-9585. Request adjunct no. 12-446850-18.
4
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4685/D4685M − 15
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Test specimens are exposed to a specified number of abrasion cycles on face and back separately and then evaluated by
viewing the specimen over a light box and comparing to photographic standards. The method measures only the amount of pile
pulled out of the base fabric structure and not the surface pile appearance attributes, such as
...

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5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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