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ASTM D1774-94

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Elastic Properties of Textile Fibers (Withdrawn 2000)

Standard Test Methods for Elastic Properties of Textile Fibers (Withdrawn 2000)

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover measurement of the elastic behavior of fibers by assessing their ability to recover strain-induced energy, and to recover their original dimensions following a known extension. Since the crimp in a fiber alters the initial shape of the stress-strain curve, separate procedures are described for uncrimped and crimped fibers.  Note 1-For the determination of the elastic properties of elastomeric yarns, refer to Test Method D2731, Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Machines).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Referenced Documents ASTM Standards:
D 76* Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles  
D 123* Terminology Relating to Textiles  
D 1776* Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing  
D 2258* Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing  
D 3333* Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple Fibers, Sliver, or Tow for Testing  
D 4848* Terminology of Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Dec-1993
Withdrawal Date
09-Apr-2000
ICS
59.060.01 - Textile fibres in general
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D1774-94 - Standard Test Methods for Elastic Properties of Textile Fibers (Withdrawn 2000)ASTM D1774-94 - Standard Test Methods for Elastic Properties of Textile Fibers (Withdrawn 2000)
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ASTM D1774-94 - Standard Test Methods for Elastic Properties of Textile Fibers (Withdrawn 2000)
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Standards Content (Sample)

ASTM DL774 94 075951~0 055b593 638
AMERICAN SOCIEN FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
({Tb Designation: D 1774 - 94
1916 Race St. Philadelphia, Pa 19103
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards Copyright ASTM
If not listed in the current combined index, will appear in the next ediiion
Standard Test Methods for
Elastic Properties of Textile Fibers’
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1774; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
extension to the total extension impressed on a fiber under
1. Scope
specified conditions.
1. i These test methods cover measurement of the elastic
3.1.3.1 Discussion-The tensile strain recovery includes
behavior of fibers by assessing their ability to recover
both immediate elastic recovery and delayed recovery and is
strain-induced energy, and to recover their original dimen-
equivalent to the quantity 100 - percent permanent defor-
sions following a known extension. Since the crimp in a fiber
mation.
alters the initial shape of the stress-strain curve, separate
3,1.4 work recovery, n-the percent of recoverable work
procedures are described for uncrimped and crimped fibers.
to the total work required to strain a fiber a specified amount
NOTE I-For the determination of the elastic properties of
under specified conditions.
elastomeric yarns, refer to Test Method D 273 I, Test Method for Elastic
3.1.5 For definitions of other terms related to force and
Properties of Elastomeric Yams (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Ma-
deformation in textiles, refer to Terminology D 4848. For
chines).2
definitions of other textile terms used in this test method,
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
refer to Terminology D 123.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility ofthe user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Methods
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. i The elastic properties of fibers are measured by (I)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determining the amount of recoverable energy exhibited by a
fiber when it is stretched to a predetermined extension at a
2. Referenced Documents
specific rate of strain, held at this extension for a specified
2. i ASTM Síandards:
length of time, and finally relaxed at the same rate at which it
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
was extended; and (2) determining the dimensional recovery
Textiles2
of the fiber following the strain history described in Item (1).
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles’
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing’
5. Significance and Use
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing’
5.1 Elastic properties are related to a fiber’s ability to
D 3333 Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple Fibers,
recover from a tensile deformation. These properties are
Sliver, or Tow for Testing3
important in the selection of fibers for specific end-use
D 4848 Terminology of Force, Deformation and Related
application and in determining processing characteristics.
Properties of Textiles3
5.2 This test method specifies that the fiber is to be tested
at each of three levels of extension (2.0 %, 5.0 %, and
3. Terminology
10.0 %) to describe the elastic behavior of the fiber at both
3.1 DeJinitions:
small and large deformations.
3.1.1 dt.formation, permanent, n-the net long-term
5.3 This method of testing the elastic properties of fibers is
change in a dimension of a specimen after deformation and
not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial
relaxation under specified conditions. (Syn. permanent set,
shipments of fibers because the between-laboratory precision
nonrecoverable deformation, and nonrecoverable stretch.
has not been established. In some cases the purchaser and the
3. I. 1. I Discussion-Permanent deformation is usually
seller may have to test a commercial shipment of one or
expressed as a percentage of the original dimension.
more specific materials by the best available method, even
3.1.2 elongation, n-the ratio of the extension of a mate-
though the method has not been recommended for accep-
rial to the length of the material prior to stretching, expressed
tance testing of commercial shipments. In such a case, if
as a percent.
there is a disagreement arising from differences in values
3.1.2.1 Discussion-Elongation may be measured at any
reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this test
specified force or at rupture.
method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any,
3. i .3 tensile strain recòvery, n-the percent of recoverable
between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory
of the seller should be deter
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm [1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom.  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom  
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Note 1: Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is discontinued.  
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably throughout this test method.  
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ASTM D1577-07(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for the vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section 37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or Option C because between-laboratory precision information is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be advisable.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below.    
Option  
Sections  
A—Fiber Bundle Weighing  
7 – 15  
B—Single-Fiber Weighing  
16 – 23  
C—Vibroscope, General  
24 – 30  
35 and 36    
C1—Uncrimped Fibers  
31 and 32    
C2—Crimped Fibers  
33 and 34    
Precision and Bias  
37 and 38  
Note 1: For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D1769 and D2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282, D2130, and D3510.  
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5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.  
5.1.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using Test Method D2402 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if statistical biases exist between their laboratories. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data with an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties while designing the test program. If the analysis shows a bias, its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test data with consideration for the known bias.  
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4.1 This guide is intended for use as a reference to improve the understanding of the relationship between commercial name, fiber identification and geographical regions of fiber origins that make up the composition of textile products.  
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ASTM D3822/D3822M-14(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm [1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)  
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D3822 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material in view of test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on fiber processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the fiber to extension at forces below the yield point. The tangent modulus and tensile stress at specif...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of natural and man-made single textile fibers of sufficient length to permit mounting test specimens in a tensile testing machine.  
1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (filament) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken from yarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or if the tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, crimping, or texturing process, the tensile properties are determined after removal of the crimp. Note 1—Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is discontinued.  
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably throughout this test method.  
1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removed from yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. It should be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processes can influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers. Consequently, tensile properties determined on fibers taken from yarns, or from yarns that have been processed into fabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to being subjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes.  
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ASTM D1577-07(2012)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for the vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section 37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or Option C because between-laboratory precision information is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be advisable.
In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1577 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of samples that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. These samples should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material with consideration to the known bias.
Option A for bundle weighing is generally considered to be the referee procedure for acceptance testing.
Option A is not recommended for measurement of linear density of blends of production fibers having different nominal linear densities.
The accuracy of the linear density values obtained by Options A and B is dependent upon the accuracy with which the fibers can be cut and weighed.
Note 2—On short staple fiber, an accuracy in cutting of 1.0 % is difficult to obtain. This problem is further complicated if crimp is present in the fibers.
The accuracy of weighing ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below.
  OptionSections     AFiber Bundle Weighing 7-15  BSingle-Fiber Weighing16-23  CVibroscope, General24-30  35 and 36   C1Uncrimped Fibers31 and 32   C2Crimped Fibers33 and 34   Precision and Bias37 and 38  
Note 1—For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D1769and . For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282, D2130 and .  
1.2 The crimp, taper and cross-sectional shape of the fiber may influence the linear density measured by single-fiber weighing and vibroscope.
1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fibers with moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. The fiber moisture under these conditions is not necessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for the fibers.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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