ASTM D5102/D5102M-24

Standard Test Methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Compression testing of soil-lime specimens is performed to determine unconfined compressive strength of the cured soil-lime-water mixture to determine the suitability of the mixture for uses such as in pavement bases and subbases, stabilized subgrades, and structural fills.  
5.2 Compressive strength data are used in soil-lime mix design procedures: (a) to determine if a soil will achieve a significant strength increase with the addition of lime; (b) to group soil-lime mixtures into strength classes; (c) to study the effects of variables such as lime percentage, unit weight, water content, curing time, curing temperature, etc.; and (d) to estimate other engineering properties of soil-lime mixtures.  
5.3 Lime is generally classified as calcitic or dolomitic. Usually in soil stabilization, high-calcium lime [CaO] or dolomitic lime [CaO + MgO] are used. The lime is transformed from oxide to hydroxide form [[Ca(OH)2 or [Ca(OH)2 + Mg(OH)2]] by the addition of water in the soil, a slurry tank, or at a manufacturing facility. Lime may increase the strength of cohesive soil. The type of lime in combination with soil type influences the resulting compressive strength.
Note 2: The agency performing this test method can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3740. Notwithstanding statements on precision and bias contained in this method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not, in itself, ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing, curing, and testing laboratory-compacted specimens of soil-lime and other lime-treated materials (Note 1) for determining unconfined compressive strength. Depending on the diameter to height ratio, two procedures for determining the unconfined compressive strength of compacted soil-lime mixtures have been developed for specimens prepared at the maximum unit weight and optimum water content, or for specimens prepared at other target unit weight and water content levels. Other applications are given in Section 5 on Significance and Use.
Note 1: Lime-based products other than commercial quicklime and hydrated lime are also used in the lime treatment of fine-grained cohesive soils. Lime kiln dust (LKD) is collected from the kiln exhaust gases by cyclone, electrostatic, or baghouse-type collection systems. Some lime producers hydrate various blends of LKD plus quicklime to produce a lime-based product.  
1.2 Cored specimens of soil-lime should be tested in accordance with Test Methods D2166/D2166M.  
1.3 Two alternative procedures are provided:  
1.3.1 Procedure A describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens having height-to-diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50. This test method provides the standard measure of compressive strength.  
1.3.2 Procedure B describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens using Test Methods D698 compaction equipment and molds commonly available in most soil testing laboratories. Procedure B is considered to provide relative measures of individual specimens in a suite of test specimens rather than standard compressive strength values. Because of the lesser height-to-diameter ratio (1.15) of the cylinders, compressive strength determined by Procedure B will normally be greater than that by Procedure A.  
1.3.3 Results of unconfined compressive strength tests using Procedure B should not be directly compared to those obtained using Procedure A.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guideline...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2024
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.15 - Stabilization With Admixtures

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5102/D5102M-22 - Standard Test Methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime Mixtures
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4753-24 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4753-15 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015

Overview

ASTM D5102/D5102M-24, Standard Test Methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime Mixtures, is a widely recognized standard developed by ASTM International. It details laboratory procedures for preparing, curing, and testing compacted soil-lime specimens to determine their unconfined compressive strength. This standard supports best practices in soil stabilization for applications in pavement bases, subbases, stabilized subgrades, and structural fills.

Understanding the compressive strength of soil-lime mixtures is critical in assessing their suitability for construction uses, ensuring that infrastructure built on or with stabilized soils meets long-term performance requirements.

Key Topics

• Test Procedures: The standard prescribes two methods:
  • Procedure A provides the standard measure of compressive strength for specimens with height-to-diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50.
  • Procedure B allows testing using commonly available compaction equipment, delivering relative rather than standard compressive strength values.
• Specimen Preparation: Methods for mixing, compacting, and molding soil-lime mixtures are outlined. Specimen dimensions, curing conditions, and measurement protocols are specified to ensure accuracy and repeatability.
• Materials Covered: The standard addresses various types of lime, including high-calcium (calcitic) and dolomitic lime, as well as alternative lime products such as lime kiln dust (LKD).
• Variables Studied:
  • Percentage of lime
  • Unit weight
  • Water content
  • Curing time and temperature
• Data Utilization: The compressive strength results are used to:
  • Evaluate soil stabilization effectiveness
  • Group soil-lime mixtures into strength classes
  • Estimate other engineering properties for design and construction
• Quality Assurance: Emphasis is placed on the competence of testing personnel and the suitability of laboratory equipment, referencing ASTM D3740 for laboratory evaluation.

Applications

• Soil Stabilization: The test methods are extensively used in the design and quality assurance of lime-stabilized soils for transportation infrastructure, including roads, highways, and airport runways.
• Pavement Design: Results guide the selection and proportioning of soil-lime mixtures for pavement base and subbase layers, ensuring necessary strength and durability.
• Structural Fill: The standard supports the use of stabilized soils in embankments, backfills, and other engineered earthwork applications where improved compressive strength is required.
• Evaluating Alternative Lime Products: The procedures allow testing of newer lime products and blends, providing adaptability to available materials.
• Research and Development: Engineers and researchers utilize the standard to investigate the influence of different lime types, curing conditions, and soil properties on compressive strength.

Related Standards

• ASTM C977 - Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Soil Stabilization
• ASTM D653 - Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• ASTM D698 - Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort
• ASTM D2166/D2166M - Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil
• ASTM D3740 - Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
• ASTM D2216 - Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• ASTM D3551 - Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Soil-Lime Mixtures Using Mechanical Mixer

By following ASTM D5102/D5102M-24, laboratories and engineers ensure consistent, reliable assessment of the unconfined compressive strength of soil-lime mixtures, supporting high-quality soil stabilization and construction practices.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5102/D5102M − 24
Standard Test Methods for
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime
Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5102/D5102M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing,
Practice D6026.
curing, and testing laboratory-compacted specimens of soil-
1.4.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,
lime and other lime-treated materials (Note 1) for determining
calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to
unconfined compressive strength. Depending on the diameter
to height ratio, two procedures for determining the unconfined the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other
compressive strength of compacted soil-lime mixtures have uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
been developed for specimens prepared at the maximum unit standard is beyond its scope.
weight and optimum water content, or for specimens prepared
1.5 Lime is not an effective stabilizing agent for all soils.
at other target unit weight and water content levels. Other
Some soil components such as sulfates, phosphates, organics,
applications are given in Section 5 on Significance and Use.
etc. can adversely affect soil-lime reactions and may affect the
NOTE 1—Lime-based products other than commercial quicklime and
test results using this method.
hydrated lime are also used in the lime treatment of fine-grained cohesive
soils. Lime kiln dust (LKD) is collected from the kiln exhaust gases by
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
cyclone, electrostatic, or baghouse-type collection systems. Some lime
producers hydrate various blends of LKD plus quicklime to produce a pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
lime-based product.
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
1.2 Cored specimens of soil-lime should be tested in accor- therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
dance with Test Methods D2166/D2166M.
conformance with the standard.
1.3 Two alternative procedures are provided:
1.6.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
1.3.1 Procedure A describes procedures for preparing and
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
testing compacted soil-lime specimens having height-to-
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50. This test method
is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic
provides the standard measure of compressive strength.
1.3.2 Procedure B describes procedures for preparing and (F = ma) calculations are involved.
testing compacted soil-lime specimens using Test Methods
1.6.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
D698 compaction equipment and molds commonly available in
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
most soil testing laboratories. Procedure B is considered to
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two
provide relative measures of individual specimens in a suite of
separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the
test specimens rather than standard compressive strength
gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine
values. Because of the lesser height-to-diameter ratio (1.15) of
the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
the cylinders, compressive strength determined by Procedure B
standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational
will normally be greater than that by Procedure A.
system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug
1.3.3 Results of unconfined compressive strength tests using
unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording
Procedure B should not be directly compared to those obtained 3
pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft shall not
using Procedure A.
be regarded as non-conformance with this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
With Admixtures.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D5102/D5102M – 22.
DOI: 10.1520/D5102_D5102M-24. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5102/D5102M − 24
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor- bonation will reduce the effectiveness of the lime in producing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- desired soil-lime reactions.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.3 See Section 7 on Reagents and Materials.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Summary of Test Method
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 Dependent on design criteria, a predetermined number
of compacted soil-lime specimens are prepared for each
2. Referenced Documents
2 specified lime content (the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(a) the dry (as received/packaged) mass of lime to (b) the dry
C51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as Used
mass of soil), unit weight, and water content so unconfined
by the Industry)
compression testing can be performed on laboratory cured
C977 Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for
specimens of specified ages. In many instances, single or
Soil Stabilization
preferably duplicate specimens are tested following a 28 and
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
90-day curing period at room temperature. In some cases,
Fluids
however, a curing period of 7 days at room temperature or
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3 accelerated curing conditions may be necessary.
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
4.2 The amount of soil, lime, and water required for the
kN-m/m ))
specimen is determined. The soil-lime-water mixture is com-
D2166/D2166M Test Method for Unconfined Compressive
pacted in a mold to the desired initial specimen conditions
Strength of Cohesive Soil
(moist/dry unit weight and molding water content).
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
4.3 After removal from the mold, specimens are cured for a
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
specified number of days.
(Visual-Manual Procedures)
4.4 Following the curing period, the soil-lime specimens are
D3551 Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Soil-Lime
loaded in compression to failure. Maximum load or load at 5 %
Mixtures Using Mechanical Mixer
axial strain is used to calculate unconfined compressive
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
strength.
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
5. Significance and Use
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and 5.1 Compression testing of soil-lime specimens is per-
formed to determine unconfined compressive strength of the
Construction Materials Testing
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Re- cured soil-lime-water mixture to determine the suitability of
cords in Geotechnical Data the mixture for uses such as in pavement bases and subbases,
stabilized subgrades, and structural fills.
3. Terminology
5.2 Compressive strength data are used in soil-lime mix
3.1 Definitions:
design procedures: (a) to determine if a soil will achieve a
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology D653 for terms relating to soil
significant strength increase with the addition of lime; (b) to
and Definitions C51 for terms relating to lime and limestone.
group soil-lime mixtures into strength classes; (c) to study the
effects of variables such as lime percentage, unit weight, water
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
content, curing time, curing temperature, etc.; and (d) to
3.2.1 unconfined compressive strength of soil-lime (q ),
μ
estimate other engineering properties of soil-lime mixtures.
n—the compressive stress at which an unconfined cylindrical
specimen of soil-lime will fail in an axial compression test.
5.3 Lime is generally classified as calcitic or dolomitic.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—In this test method, unconfined com-
Usually in soil stabilization, high-calcium lime [CaO] or
pressive strength is either the maximum axial load/force
dolomitic lime [CaO + MgO] are used. The lime is transformed
attained per unit area or the load/force per unit area at 5 % axial
from oxide to hydroxide form [[Ca(OH) or [Ca(OH) +
2 2
strain, whichever occurs first during performance of a test.
Mg(OH) ]] by the addition of water in the soil, a slurry tank, or
at a manufacturing facility. Lime may increase the strength of
3.2.2 carbonation, n—partial or complete transformation of
cohesive soil. The type of lime in combination with soil type
calcium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide (or both) to
influences the resulting compressive strength.
carbonate phases due to reaction with carbon dioxide.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Carbonation may take place during
NOTE 2—The agency performing this test method can be evaluated in
manufacture and storage of lime, laboratory mixing, curing and
accordance with Practice D3740. Notwithstanding statements on precision
testing of soil-lime mixtures, construction, and service. Car- and bias contained in this method: The precision of this test method is
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the
suitability of the equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet the
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on compliance with Practice D3740 does not, in itself, ensure reliable testing.
the ASTM website. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a
D5102/D5102M − 24
means of evaluating some of these factors.
6.9 Timer, a timing device to indicate the elapsed testing
time to the nearest second for establishing the rate of strain
6. Apparatus
application prescribed in 13.2.
6.1 Balance or Scale:
6.10 Compression Device and Load/Force Indicator, the
6.1.1 Specimen Masses—A balance or scale which will compression device may be any device with sufficient capacity
measure masses to four significant digits and conforming to the and control to provide a constant rate of deformation to meet
requirements of either Class GP2 or GP5 in Guide D4753. the requirements of 13.2. The device shall be equipped so the
compressive load is applied to the specimen without producing
6.1.1.1 The minimum capacity requirement for Procedure A
eccentric loading conditions. When the compression device is
is typically 1000 g; while for Procedure B it is typically
set to advance at a specified rate, the actual rate shall not
20 000 g.
deviate from the required value by more than 620 %, with the
6.1.2 Water Content Masses—A balance or scale which will
change in rate being gradual, not stick-slip (Note 3).
enable water content determinations to be determined to the
nearest 0.1 % and conforming to the requirements of either
NOTE 3—The loading conditions of most loading frames with multiple
Class GP1, GP2 or GP5 in Guide D4753. The type of class gear-drive settings vary more than expected; that is, more than about
610 %.
required depends upon the size of the water content specimen
and its water content.
6.10.1 The load/force indicator shall have a direct readabil-
6.1.2.1 To meet this requirement, masses less than about
ity of at least three significant digits at failure, with a minimum
400 g have to be measured to 4 significant digits; while larger
full range accuracy of 0.25 %.
masses to three significant digits.
6.11 Deformation Indicator, the deformation indicator (me-
6.2 Specimen Dimension Measurement Devices, dial chanical or electronic) shall have a minimum readability
comparators, calipers, circumferential tape or other suitable (without interpolation) of 0.02 mm [0.001 in.] and have a
devices for measuring the height and diameter of the specimen travel range sufficient to measure 6 % axial strain (see 14.2).
to three significant digits.
7. Reagents and Materials
6.2.1 If densities/unit weights are required to four signifi-
cant digits (density to nearest 0.001 Mg ⁄m or unit weight to 7.1 Hydrated Lime—Lime that is predominantly calcium
hydroxide [Ca(OH) ] or a mixture of Ca(OH) and magnesium
nearest 0.1 lbf ⁄ft ), then the specimen dimensions have to be
2 2
measured to four significant digits. oxide (MgO) or magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH) ], or both.
Only fresh lime meeting the requirements of Specification
6.3 Specimen Molds:
C977 may be used. Bagged lime must be kept sealed because
6.3.1 Procedure A, molds having sufficient capacity to
of the tendency for the lime to undergo carbonation.
provide specimens with length-to-diameter ratios between 2.00
7.2 Quicklime—Lime which is predominantly calcium ox-
and 2.50. Molds shall have a minimum inside diameter (ID) of
ide (CaO) or CaO in association with MgO. Only fresh lime
50 mm [2.0 in.]. Split molds may be used. The mold shall have
meeting the requirements of Specification C977 may be used.
an extension collar assembly made of rigid metal and con-
Bagged lime must be kept sealed because of the tendency for
structed so it can be securely attached to and detached from the
the lime to combine with CO in air.
mold. 2
6.3.2 Procedure B, molds with extension collars conforming
7.3 Tapwater—Tapwater that is free of acids, alkalies, and
to the requirements of Test Methods D698.
oils and is suitable for drinking shall be used for wetting the
soil.
6.4 Tamping Rod or Compaction Hammer, tamping rod or
compaction hammer suitable for mold size and preparation of
8. Safety Hazards
specimen at desired unit weight.
8.1 Lime chemically reacts with water and can become hot.
6.5 Test Specimen Extruder, an extruder is required if split
Appropriate safety equipment, such as gloves, protective
molds are not used. The device shall consist of a
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5102/D5102M − 22 D5102/D5102M − 24
Standard Test Methods for
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime
Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5102/D5102M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing, curing, and testing laboratory-compacted specimens of soil-lime and other
lime-treated materials (Note 1) for determining unconfined compressive strength. Depending on the diameter to height ratio, two
procedures for determining the unconfined compressive strength of compacted soil-lime mixtures have been developed for
specimens prepared at the maximum unit weight and optimum water content, or for specimens prepared at other target unit weight
and water content levels. Other applications are given in Section 5 on Significance and Use.
NOTE 1—Lime-based products other than commercial quicklime and hydrated lime are also used in the lime treatment of fine-grained cohesive soils. Lime
kiln dust (LKD) is collected from the kiln exhaust gases by cyclone, electrostatic, or baghouse-type collection systems. Some lime producers hydrate
various blends of LKD plus quicklime to produce a lime-based product.
1.2 Cored specimens of soil-lime should be tested in accordance with Test Methods D2166/D2166M.
1.3 Two alternative procedures are provided:
1.3.1 Procedure A describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens having height-to-diameter ratios
between 2.00 and 2.50. This test method provides the standard measure of compressive strength.
1.3.2 Procedure B describes procedures for preparing and testing compacted soil-lime specimens using Test Methods D698
compaction equipment and molds commonly available in most soil testing laboratories. Procedure B is considered to provide
relative measures of individual specimens in a suite of test specimens rather than standard compressive strength values. Because
of the lesser height-to-diameter ratio (1.15) of the cylinders, compressive strength determined by Procedure B will normally be
greater than that by Procedure A.
1.3.3 Results of unconfined compressive strength tests using Procedure B should not be directly compared to those obtained using
Procedure A.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the
accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard
is beyond its scope.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization With
Admixtures.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022Feb. 1, 2024. Published October 2022March 2024. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20092022 as
D5102 – 09D5102/D5102M – 22., which was withdrawn July 2018 and reinstated in October 2022. DOI: 10.1520/D5102_D5102M-22. DOI: 10.1520/D5102_D5102M-24.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5102/D5102M − 24
1.5 Lime is not an effective stabilizing agent for all soils. Some soil components such as sulfates, phosphates, organics, etc. can
adversely affect soil-lime reactions and may affect the test results using this method.
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from
the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)
represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F =
ma) calculations are involved.
1.6.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass
(lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational
system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As
stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for mass. However,
the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft shall not be regarded as
non-conformance with this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as Used by the Industry)
C977 Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Soil Stabilization
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
3 3
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600 kN-m/m ))
D2166/D2166M Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)
D3551 Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Soil-Lime Mixtures Using Mechanical Mixer
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology D653 for terms relating to soil and Definitions C51 for terms relating to lime and limestone.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 unconfined compressive strength of soil-lime (q ),n—the compressive stress at which an unconfined cylindrical specimen of
μ
soil-lime will fail in an axial compression test.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
In this test method, unconfined compressive strength is either the maximum axial load/force attained per unit area or the load/force
per unit area at 5 % axial strain, whichever occurs first during performance of a test.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
D5102/D5102M − 24
3.2.2 carbonation, n—partial or complete transformation of calcium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide (or both) to carbonate
phases due to reaction with carbon dioxide.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
Carbonation may take place during manufacture and storage of lime, laboratory mixing, curing and testing of soil-lime mixtures,
construction, and service. Carbonation will reduce the effectiveness of the lime in producing desired soil-lime reactions.
3.2.3 See Section 7 on Reagents and Materials.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Dependent on design criteria, a predetermined number of compacted soil-lime specimens are prepared for each specified lime
content (the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of (a) the dry (as received/packaged) mass of lime to (b) the dry mass of soil), unit
weight, and water content so unconfined compression testing can be performed on laboratory cured specimens of specified ages.
In many instances, single or preferably duplicate specimens are tested following a 28 and 90-day curing period at room
temperature. In some cases, however, a curing period of 7 days at room temperature or accelerated curing conditions may be
necessary.
4.2 The amount of soil, lime, and water required for the specimen is determined. The soil-lime-water mixture is compacted in a
mold to the desired initial specimen conditions (moist/dry unit weight and molding water content).
4.3 After removal from the mold, specimens are cured for a specified number of days.
4.4 Following the curing period, the soil-lime specimens are loaded in compression to failure. Maximum load or load at 5 % axial
strain is used to calculate unconfined compressive strength.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Compression testing of soil-lime specimens is performed to determine unconfined compressive strength of the cured
soil-lime-water mixture to determine the suitability of the mixture for uses such as in pavement bases and subbases, stabilized
subgrades, and structural fills.
5.2 Compressive strength data are used in soil-lime mix design procedures: (a) to determine if a soil will achieve a significant
strength increase with the addition of lime; (b) to group soil-lime mixtures into strength classes; (c) to study the effects of variables
such as lime percentage, unit weight, water content, curing time, curing temperature, etc.; and (d) to estimate other engineering
properties of soil-lime mixtures.
5.3 Lime is generally classified as calcitic or dolomitic. Usually in soil stabilization, high-calcium lime [CaO] or dolomitic lime
[CaO + MgO] are used. The lime is transformed from oxide to hydroxide form [[Ca(OH) or [Ca(OH) + Mg(OH) ]] by the
2 2 2
addition of water in the soil, a slurry tank, or at a manufacturing facility. Lime may increase the strength of cohesive soil. The type
of lime in combination with soil type influences the resulting compressive strength.
NOTE 2—The agency performing this test method can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3740. Notwithstanding statements on precision and bias
contained in this method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the
equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users
of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not, in itself, ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors;
Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Balance or Scale:
6.1.1 Specimen Masses—A balance or scale which will measure masses to four significant digits and conforming to the
requirements of either Class GP2 or GP5 in Guide D4753.
6.1.1.1 The minimum capacity requirement for Procedure A is typically 1000 g; while for Procedure B it is typically 20 000 g.
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6.1.2 Water Content Masses—A balance or scale which will enable water content determinations to be determined to the nearest
0.1 % and conforming to the requirements of either Class GP1, GP2 or GP5 in Guide D4753. The type of class required depends
upon the size of the water content specimen and its water content.
6.1.2.1 To meet this requirement, masses less than about 400 g have to be measured to 4 significant digits; while larger masses
to three significant digits.
6.2 Specimen Dimension Measurement Devices, dial comparators, calipers, circumferential tape or other suitable devices for
measuring the height and diameter of the specimen to three significant digits.
6.2.1 If densities/unit weights are required to four significant digits (density to nearest 0.001 Mg ⁄m or unit weight to nearest
0.1 lbf ⁄ft ), then the specimen dimensions have to be measured to four significant digits.
6.3 Specimen Molds:
6.3.1 Procedure A, molds having sufficient capacity to provide specimens with length-to-diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50.
Molds shall have a minimum inside diameter (ID) of 50 mm [2.0 in.]. Split molds may be used. The mold shall have an extension
collar assembly made of rigid metal and constructed so it can be securely attached to and detached from the mold.
6.3.2 Procedure B, molds with extension collars conforming to the requirements of Test Methods D698.
6.4 Tamping Rod or Compaction Hammer, tamping rod or compaction hammer suitable for mold size and preparation of specimen
at desired unit weight.
6.5 Test Specimen Extruder, an extruder is required if split molds are not used. The device shall consist of a piston, jack, and frame
or similar equipment suitable for extruding specimens from the mold.
6.6 Containers, suitable plastic airtight, moisture proof containers for sealing and storing specimens after compaction. The
containers should be rigid to protect the specimens from disturbance during handling.
6.7 Miscellaneous Equipment, tools such as spatulas, knives, straightedge, trowels, scoops, etc., for use in preparing specimens.
6.8 Temperature Controlled Room or Cabinet, a room or cabinet capable of maintaining a temperature of 23 6 2°C [73 6 4°F]
for curing soil-lime specimens. A moist room can be used but is not required.
6.9 Timer, a timing device to indicate the elapsed testing time to the nearest second for establishing the rate of strain application
prescribed in 13.2.
6.10 Compression Device and Load/Force Indicator, the compression device may be any device with sufficient capacity and
control to provide a constant rate of deformation to meet the requirements of 13.2. The device shall be equipped so the compressive
load is applied to the specimen without producing eccentric loading conditions. When the compression device is set to advance
at a specified rate, the actual rate shall not deviate from the required value by more than 620 %, with the change in rate being
gradual, not stick-slip (Note 3).
NOTE 3—The loading conditions of most loading frames with multiple gear-drive settings vary more than expected; that is, more than about 610 %.
6.10.1 The load/force indicator shall have a direct readability of at least three significant digits at failure, with a minimum full
range accuracy of 0.25 %.
6.11 Deformation Indicator, the deformation indicator (mechanical or electronic) shall have a minimum readability (without
interpolation) of 0.02 mm [0.001 in.] and have a travel range sufficient to measure 6 % axial strain (see 14.2).
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7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Hydrated Lime—Lime that is predominantly calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) ] or a mixture of Ca(OH) and magnesium oxide
2 2
(MgO) or magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH) ], or both. Only fresh lime meeting the requirements of Specification C977 may be
used. Bagged lime must be kept s
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