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ASTM D8420-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Wax Appearance Temperature and Wax Disappearance Temperature of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels

Standard Test Method for Wax Appearance Temperature and Wax Disappearance Temperature of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The wax appearance temperature of petroleum products and liquid fuels is an indicator of the lowest temperature of their utility for certain applications. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters or impede flow in some fuel systems.  
5.2 The wax disappearance temperature of petroleum products and liquid fuels is an indicator of the warmest temperature to remove thermal history. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters or impede flow in some fuel systems.  
5.3 NIR light scattering technology is useful for recognition of wax crystal formation in dark and opaque fuels, and the cloud point in transparent fuels.  
5.4 The wax appearance temperature is an earlier indicator of wax crystal formation than pour point and has better resolution than pour point.  
5.5 This test method can determine the temperature of the test specimen at which wax crystals have formed sufficiently to be observed with a resolution of 0.1 °C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the wax appearance temperature and the wax disappearance temperature of petroleum products and liquid fuels by an automatic instrument using optical light scattering detection.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to such materials as: crude oil, distillate fuels, residual fuels such as No. 6 Fuel Oil, marine fuels such as VLSFO, and including mixtures of these fuels and liquid biofuels.  
1.3 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –30 °C to +75 °C with temperature resolution of 0.1 °C.  
1.4 This test method contains interim precision with repeatability only; a full ILS will be completed within five years of its approval.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2021
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D8420-21 - Standard Test Method for Wax Appearance Temperature and Wax Disappearance Temperature of Petroleum Products and Liquid FuelsASTM D8420-21 - Standard Test Method for Wax Appearance Temperature and Wax Disappearance Temperature of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
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ASTM D8420-21 - Standard Test Method for Wax Appearance Temperature and Wax Disappearance Temperature of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8420 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Wax Appearance Temperature and Wax Disappearance
1
Temperature of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8420; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the wax
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
appearance temperature and the wax disappearance tempera-
Petroleum Products
ture of petroleum products and liquid fuels by an automatic
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
instrument using optical light scattering detection.
and Liquid Fuels (Constant Cooling Rate Method)
1.2 This test method is applicable to such materials as:
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
crude oil, distillate fuels, residual fuels such as No. 6 Fuel Oil,
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
marine fuels such as VLSFO, and including mixtures of these
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
fuels and liquid biofuels.
1.3 This test method covers the range of temperatures from 3. Terminology
–30 °C to +75 °C with temperature resolution of 0.1 °C.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 This test method contains interim precision with repeat-
3.1.1 cloud point, n—in petroleum products and biodiesel
ability only; a full ILS will be completed within five years of
fuels, the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest
its approval.
observable cluster of wax crystals first occurs upon cooling
under prescribed conditions.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard.
3.2.1 wax appearance temperature, WAT, n—when the ap-
pearance of wax crystals in the specimen is determined under
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the conditions of this test method.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2.1.1 Discussion—The wax appearance temperature in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- this test method is determined by an automatic instrument
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. using an optical device for detection of the crystal formation.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.2 wax disappearance temperature, WDT, n—when the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
disappearance of wax crystals is determined under the condi-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tions of this test method.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The wax disappearance temperature in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
this test method is determined by an automatic instrument
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
using an optical device for detection of the crystal formation.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Aspecimen in a chamber cooled by a Peltier device at a
constant rate of 1.5 °C⁄min 6 0.5 °C⁄min while continuously
being illuminated by a near infrared (NIR) light source. The
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
specimen is continuously monitored by an array of optical
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
detectors for the appearance of wax crystals. The detectors are
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
sufficient in number to ensure that any solid phase wax crystals
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published December 2021. DOI:
10.1520/D8420-21.
that may form are detected. The temperature at which the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
appearance of wax crystals is detected in the specimen, as
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
determinedbytheapparatus,isrecordedto0.1 °Cresolutionas
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the wax appearance temperature. Once the wax appearance
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8420 − 21
te
...

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This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
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ASTM
ASTM D7544-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel

ABSTRACT
This specification details the physical and chemical requirements for pyrolysis liquid biofuels produced from biomass that are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of fuels. The type of biofuel covered here is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications. It shall remain uniform in medium-term storage and shall not separate into layers due to gravity. Properly sampled test specimens shall undergo test procedures to determine their adherence to the following requirements: gross heat of combustion; water content; pyrolysis solids content; kinematic viscosity; density; sulfur content; ash content; pH; flash point; and pour point.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various types of fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications.  
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not modified to handle these types of fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the physical, chemical, and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix X1.  
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of this type of fuel.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
Note 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information only in 3.2.3.1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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ASTM
ASTM D3241-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the level of deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products within the fuel system.  
1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method.  
1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the referee value.  
1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The psi comparison is included for operational safety with certain older instruments that cannot report pressure in SI units.  
1.5 No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.1, 7.3, 12.1.1, and Annex A6.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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