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ASTM E2283-08(2019)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

ABSTRACT
This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous non-metallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. This practice enables the experimenter to estimate the extreme value distribution of inclusions in steels. The procedures in determining non-metallic inclusions in steel are presented and discussed in details.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents in metals using extreme value statistics.  
5.2 It is well known that failures of mechanical components, such as gears and bearings, are often caused by the presence of large nonmetallic oxide inclusions. Failure of a component can often be traced to the presence of a large inclusion. Predictions related to component fatigue life are not possible with the evaluations provided by standards such as Test Methods E45, Practice E1122, or Practice E1245. The use of extreme value statistics has been related to component life and inclusion size distributions by several different investigators (3-8). The purpose of this practice is to create a standardized method of performing this analysis.  
5.3 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals because of the unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions. Other methods involving complete inspection such as ultrasonics must be used to locate their presence.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. The practice is not suitable for assessing exogenous inclusions.  
1.2 Based upon the statistical analysis, the nonmetallic content of different lots of steels can be compared.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 For measurements obtained from light microscopy, linear feature parameters shall be reported as micrometers, and feature areas shall be reported as micrometers.  
1.5 The methodology can be extended to other materials and to other microstructural features.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2019
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.09 - Inclusions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2283-08(2014) - Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019
Refers
ASTM E7-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2014
Refers
ASTM E178-16 - Standard Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
Effective Date
01-Jun-2016
Refers
ASTM E7-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM E456-13A(2017)e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2017
Refers
ASTM E456-13A(2017)e3 - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2017
Referred By
ASTM A1089/A1089M-14(2020) - Standard Specification for Highly Loaded Anti-Friction Bearing Steel
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019

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ASTM E2283-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural FeaturesASTM E2283-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features
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ASTM E2283-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2283 − 08 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Practice for
Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel
1
and Other Microstructural Features
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2283; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice describes a methodology to statistically
E3Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous nonme-
E7Terminology Relating to Metallography
tallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative
E45Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of
metallographic measurements. The practice is not suitable for
Steel
assessing exogenous inclusions.
E178Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
1.2 Based upon the statistical analysis, the nonmetallic
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
content of different lots of steels can be compared.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test
E768Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for
methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or
Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
establishing limits of acceptability.
E1122Practice for Obtaining JK Inclusion Ratings Using
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3
Automatic Image Analysis (Withdrawn 2006)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E1245Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-
standard.
Phase Constituent Content of Metals byAutomatic Image
1.4.1 For measurements obtained from light microscopy,
Analysis
linearfeatureparametersshallbereportedasmicrometers,and
3. Terminology
feature areas shall be reported as micrometers.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of metallographic terms
1.5 Themethodologycanbeextendedtoothermaterialsand
used in this practice, refer to Terminology, E7; for statistical
to other microstructural features.
terms, refer to Terminology E456.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 A—the area of each field of view used by the Image
f
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Analysis system in performing the measurements.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2.2 A —control area; total area observed on one specimen
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
o
per polishing plane for the analysis. A is assumed to be 150
o
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
2
mm unless otherwise noted.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3.2.3 N —number of specimens used for the evaluation. N
s s
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- is generally six.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2.4 N —number of planes of polish used for the
p
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
evaluation, generally four.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallog- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
raphy and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclusions. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approvedin2003.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2014asE2283–08(2014).DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E2283-08R19. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2283 − 08 (2019)
i5N
3.2.5 N—number of fields observed per specimen plane of
1
f
H
L 5 L (10)
( i
polish. N
i51
A 3.2.13 standard deviation of longest inclusion lengths—
o
N 5 (1)
f
Sdev is the standard deviation of the set of N maximum feret
A
f
diameters of the measured longest inclusions.
3.2.6 N—total number of inclusion lengths used for the
N 0.5
analysis, generally 24.
2
H
Sdev 5 ~L 2 L! /~N 21! (11)
F G
( i
i51
N 5 N ·N (2
...

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5.5 To compare the inclusion measurement results from different lots of the same or similar types of steels, or other metals, a standard sampling scheme should be adopted such as described in Test Method...
SCOPE
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2.1 Significance—Retained austenite with a near random crystallographic orientation is found in the microstructure of heat-treated low-alloy, high-strength steels that have medium (0.40 weight %) or higher carbon contents. Although the presence of retained austenite may not be evident in the microstructure, and may not affect the bulk mechanical properties such as hardness of the steel, the transformation of retained austenite to martensite during service can affect the performance of the steel.  
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1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections through the microstructure by means of a point grid.  
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4.1 These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.  
4.2 Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicates—the last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 11.1.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.  
4.3 The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm (1/64 in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type.  
4.4 The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1, these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting proce...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.  
1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.  
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.  
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This internationa...

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ASTM E81-96(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Preparing Quantitative Pole Figures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Pole figures are two-dimensional graphic representations, on polar coordinate paper, of the average distribution of crystallite orientations in three dimensions. Data for constructing pole figures are obtained with X-ray diffractometers, using reflection and transmission techniques.  
3.2 Several alternative procedures may be used. Some produce complete pole figures. Others yield partial pole figures, which may be combined to produce a complete figure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of the X-ray diffractometer to prepare quantitative pole figures.  
1.2 The test method consists of several experimental procedures. Some of the procedures (1-5)2 permit preparation of a complete pole figure. Others must be used in combination to produce a complete pole figure.  
1.3 Pole figures (6)  and inverse pole figures (7-10)  are two dimensional averages of the three-dimensional crystallite orientation distribution. Pole figures may be used to construct either inverse pole figures (11-13)  or the crystallite orientation distribution (14-21). Development of series expansions of the crystallite orientation distribution from reflection pole figures (22, 23)  makes it possible to obtain a series expansion of a complete pole figure from several incomplete pole figures. Pole figures or inverse pole figures derived by such methods shall be termed calculated. These techniques will not be described herein.  
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1.5 Provided the orientation has mirror symmetry with respect to planes perpendicular to the rolling, transverse, and normal directions, certain procedures (4, 5, 24)  may be used to obtain a complete pole figure.  
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1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3-11(2017)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Microstructures have a strong influence on the properties and successful application of metals and alloys. Determination and control of microstructure requires the use of metallographic examination.  
4.2 Many specifications contain a requirement regarding microstructure; hence, a major use for metallographic examination is inspection to ensure that the requirement is met. Other major uses for metallographic examination are in failure analysis, and in research and development.  
4.3 Proper choice of specimen location and orientation will minimize the number of specimens required and simplify their interpretation. It is easy to take too few specimens for study, but it is seldom that too many are studied.
SCOPE
1.1 The primary objective of metallographic examinations is to reveal the constituents and structure of metals and their alloys by means of a light optical or scanning electron microscope. In special cases, the objective of the examination may require the development of less detail than in other cases but, under nearly all conditions, the proper selection and preparation of the specimen is of major importance. Because of the diversity in available equipment and the wide variety of problems encountered, the following text presents for the guidance of the metallographer only those practices which experience has shown are generally satisfactory; it cannot and does not describe the variations in technique required to solve individual specimen preparation problems.  
Note 1: For a more extensive description of various metallographic techniques, refer to Samuels, L. E.,  Metallographic Polishing by Mechanical Methods, American Society for Metals (ASM) Metals Park, OH, 3rd Ed., 1982; Petzow, G.,  Metallographic Etching, ASM, 1978; and VanderVoort, G.,  Metallography: Principles and Practice, McGraw Hill, NY, 2nd Ed., 1999.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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