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ASTM D2645-07

(Specification)

Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems

Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems

SCOPE
1.1 These tolerances are applicable to all yarns spun on the cotton or the worsted system, either carded or combed, and composed of any fiber or mixture of fibers, except cotton tire cords and novelty or fancy yarns.
1.2 These tolerances are applicable only to yarns taken from packages, and not to yarns taken from greige or processed fabrics. Note 1
For tolerances for other spun yarns, see Tolerances D 2644, Methods D 179 and D 738, and Specifications D 541 and D 681.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2006
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2645-95(2001) - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2255/D2255M-09(2020)e1 - Standard Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007

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ASTM D2645-07 - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted SystemsASTM D2645-07 - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
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ASTM D2645-07 - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2645–07
Standard Tolerances for
1
Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn
Number) by the Skein Method
1.1 These tolerances are applicable to all yarns spun on the
D2255 TestMethodforGradingSpunYarnsforAppearance
cotton or the worsted system, either carded or combed, and
D2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
composed of any fiber or mixture of fibers, except cotton tire
Single-Strand Method
cords and novelty or fancy yarns.
D2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
1.2 These tolerances are applicable only to yarns taken from
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
packages, and not to yarns taken from greige or processed
D2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of
fabrics.
Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
NOTE 1—For tolerances for other spun yarns, see Tolerances D2644,
D2644 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen System
Methods D179 and D738, and Specifications D541 and D681.
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
cotton system, tolerances, worsted system.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 For all other terminology related to extiles, refer to
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Terminology D123.
3
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
4. Sampling
D179 Discontinued 1975; Methods of Testing Cotton Tire
3
Cords and Cord Fabrics Made from Cotton
4.1 Take samples as directed in the applicable material
3
D541 Specification for Single Jute Yarn
specification, or in the absence of specifications, proceed as
D681 Specification for Jute Rove and Piled Yarn for Elec-
directed in Practice D2258.
3 3
trical and Packing Purposes
5. Tolerances
D738 Discontinued 1972; Methods of Testing and Toler-
3
ances for Rope Made from Bast and Leaf Fibers
5.1 Strength—The average breaking force of each lot shall
D1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the be equal to or greater than the specified minimum.
Untwist-Retwist Method
5.2 Yarn Number:
D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting 5.2.1 The average yarn number of yarns spun on cotton
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
system or the worsted system shall conform to the limits:
Form specified value6 4.0 % of the specified value.
5.3 Twist:
5.3.1 The direction of twist in each package or end shall be
1
S or Z, as specified.
These tolerances are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and 5.3.2 In all cotton-system yarns except single yarns made of
Fibers.
cotton, the average twist shall conform to the limits: specified
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originally
value 6 5.0 % of the specified value. In single cotton yarns,
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2645 – 95 (2001).
including the single yarn components of plied cotton yarns, the
DOI: 10.1520/D2645-07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
average twist shall conform to the limits: specified value 6
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.0 % of the specified value. In yarns spun on the worsted
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
system the average twist shall conform to the limits: specified
the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn. value 6 7.5 % of the specified value.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2645–07
5.4 Extractable Matter—The average percent extractable 6.2 Yarn Number—Determine the yarn number by Test
matterinyarnsspunontheworstedsystemshallnotexceedthe Method D1907, using Option 1 for cotton system yarns and
following values: Option1,3,or6forworsted-spunyarns,asagreedorspecified.
% 6.3 Twist—Determine the twist as directed in Test Method
Oil-spun yarns 4.0
D1423, or, by agreement (for single yarns only), Test Method
Dry-spun
...

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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
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5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
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5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
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ASTM D2130-22(Test Method)
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5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D2968.  
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1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers.  
Note 1: Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540.  
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ASTM D1576-22(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.  
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1).  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D1574-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method may be used to estimate the quantity of oil, grease, and waxy materials remaining on or in wool fibers after scouring, or the quantity of lubricant added before carding or remaining after carding, or the quantity of such materials added or removed in subsequent processing operations.  
5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of elongation measurements is limited and their determination is, therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
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5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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