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ASTM D2645-95(2001)

(Specification)

Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems

Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems

SCOPE
1.1 These tolerances are applicable to all yarns spun on the cotton or the worsted system, either carded or combed, and composed of any fiber or mixture of fibers, except cotton tire cords and novelty or fancy yarns.
1.2 These tolerances are applicable only to yarns taken from packages, and not to yarns taken from greige or processed fabrics.
Note 1--For tolerances for other spun yarns, see Tolerances D2644, Methods D179 and D738, and Specifications D541 and D681.
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2645-95 - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D2645-07 - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2255/D2255M-09(2020)e1 - Standard Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM D2645-95(2001) - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted SystemsASTM D2645-95(2001) - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
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ASTM D2645-95(2001) - Standard Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2645–95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Tolerances for
Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
Single-Strand Method
1.1 These tolerances are applicable to all yarns spun on the
D 2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
cotton or the worsted system, either carded or combed, and
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
composed of any fiber or mixture of fibers, except cotton tire
D 2494 TestMethodforCommercialMassofaShipmentof
cords and novelty or fancy yarns.
Yarn or Man-Made Staple Fiber or Tow
1.2 Thesetolerancesareapplicableonlytoyarnstakenfrom
D 2644 Tolerances for Yarn Spun on the Woolen System
packages, and not to yarns taken from greige or processed
fabrics.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—For tolerances for other spun yarns, see Tolerances D 2644,
3.1 Definitions:
Methods D 179 and D 738, and Specifications D 541 and D 681.
3.1.1 cotton system, n—a spinning system adapted to fibers
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
less than 65 mm (2.5 in.) in length.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This system usually employs flat-top
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cards and may use roller and other drafting assemblies on
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
intermediate processes and spinning machines.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2 tolerances, n—in mathematics, prescribed limits of
variation for specified properties of a particular material based
2. Referenced Documents
on observed values obtained by specified test methods and on
2.1 ASTM Standards:
samples that are representative of the material.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.1.3 worsted system, n—a spinning system adapted to
D 179 Methods for Testing Tire Cords and Cord Fabrics
fibers 50 to 225 mm (2 to 9 in.) in length.
Made from Cotton
3.1.3.1 Discussion—This system employs roller-top cards,
D 541 Specification for Single Jute Yarn
pin drafters, or gills, and widely spaced roller drafting assem-
D 681 Specification for Jute Rove and Piled Yarn for
blies on roving and spinning frames. Wool yarns spun on the
Electrical and Packing Purposes
worsted system are usually combed; worsted-spun man-made
D 738 Methods for Rope Made from Bast and Leaf Fibers
fiber yarns are not combed.
D 1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the
3.1.4 For definitions of worsted-spun yarns and other terms
Untwist-Retwist Method
used in these tolerances, refer to Terminology D 123.
D 1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by the Direct-
4. Sampling
Counting Method
D 1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength ofYarn in Skein
4.1 Take samples as directed in the applicable material
Form
specification, or in the absence of specifications, proceed as
D 1907 Test Method for Yarn Number by the Skein
directed in Practice D 2258.
Method
5. Tolerances
D 2255 Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appear-
ance
5.1 Strength—The average breaking force of each lot shall
be equal to or greater than the specified minimum.
5.2 Yarn Number:
These tolerances are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
5.2.1 The average yarn number of yarns spun on cotton
Textiles, and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test
system or the worsted system shall conform to the limits:
Methods, General.
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Originally specified value6 4.0 % of the specified value.
published as D 2645 – 67 T. Last previous edition D 2645 – 85 (1990).
5.3 Twist:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
5.3.1 The direction of twist in each package or end shall be
Discontinued, see 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 32.
S or Z, as specified.
Discontinued; see 1999 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Discontinued, see 1971 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 25.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2645
tory test described in Section 10 of Method D 2494.
5.3.2 In all cotton-system yarns except single yarns made of
cotton, the average twist shall conform to the limits: specified
6. Test Methods
value 6 5.0 % of the specified value. In single cotton yarns,
6.1 Strength—Determine the breaking force as directed in
including the single yarn components of plied cotton yarns, the
Test Method D 1578, or Test Method D 2256, as agreed or
average
...

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1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
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ASTM D1574-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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