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ASTM C835-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C

Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C

SCOPE
1. Scope
1.1 This calorimetric test method covers the determination of total hemispherical emittance of metal and graphite surfaces and coated metal surfaces up to approximately 1400C. The upper-use temperature is limited only by the characteristics (for example, melting temperature, vapor pressure) of the specimen and the design limits of the test facility. This test method has been demonstrated for use up to 1400 C. The lower-use temperature is limited by the temperature of the bell jar.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.30 - Thermal Measurement
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C835-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400&#176C
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Replaced By
ASTM C835-06(2013)e1 - Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1767-21 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Jacketing for Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1767M-21 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Jacketing for Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM F3319-20 - Standard Specification for Selection and Application of Field-Installed Cryogenic Pipe and Equipment Insulation Systems on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)-Fueled Ships
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1729-21 - Standard Specification for Aluminum Jacketing for Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1371-15(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Emittance of Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emissometers
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C667-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Prefabricated Reflective Insulation Systems for Equipment and Pipe Operating at Temperatures above Ambient Air
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1729M-21 - Standard Specification for Aluminum Jacketing for Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1423-21 - Standard Guide for Selecting Jacketing Materials for Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

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ASTM C835-06 - Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°CASTM C835-06 - Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C
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ASTM C835-06 - Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C835 − 06
StandardTest Method for
1
Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C835; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant,
−8 2 4
= 5.669×10 W/m ·K ,
1.1 This calorimetric test method covers the determination
Q = heat flow rate, W,
oftotalhemisphericalemittanceofmetalandgraphitesurfaces
T = temperature of heated specimen, K,
1
and coated metal surfaces up to approximately 1400°C. The
T = temperature of bell jar inner surface, K,
2
upper-usetemperatureislimitedonlybythecharacteristics(for
A = surfaceareaofspecimenoverwhichheatgenerationis
1
example,meltingtemperature,vaporpressure)ofthespecimen
2
measured, m ,
and the design limits of the test facility. This test method has
2
A = surface area of bell jar inner surface, m ,
2
been demonstrated for use up to 1400°C. The lower-use
F = the gray body shape factor, which includes the effect
temperature is limited by the temperature of the bell jar.
of geometry and the departure of real surfaces from
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
blackbody conditions, dimensionless, and
2
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Pa = absolute pressure, pascal (N/m ). One pascal is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
equivalent to 0.00750 mm Hg.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Summary of Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
statements, see Section 7. 4.1 Astrip specimen of the material, approximately 13 mm
wide and 250 mm long, is placed in an evacuated chamber and
2. Referenced Documents
is directly heated with an electric current to the temperature at
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: which the emittance measurement is desired. The power
dissipated over a small central region of the specimen and the
C168Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
E230Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force temperature of this region are measured. Using the Stefan-
Boltzmannequation,thispowerisequatedtotheradiativeheat
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to transfer to the surroundings and, with the measured
Determine the Precision of a Test Method temperature, is used to calculate the value of the total hemi-
spherical emittance of the specimen surface.
3. Terminology
5. Significance and Use
3.1 Definitions—The terms and symbols are as defined in
5.1 The emittance as measured by this test method can be
Terminology C168 with exceptions included as appropriate.
used in the calculation of radiant heat transfer from surfaces
3.2 Symbols:
that are representative of the tested specimens, and that are
e = error in the variable i, 6 %,
within the temperature range of the tested specimens.
i
ε = total hemispherical emittance of heated specimen,
1
5.2 This test method can be used to determine the effect of
dimensionless,
service conditions on the emittance of materials. In particular,
ε = total hemispherical emittance of bell jar inner surface,
2
the use of this test method with furnace exposure (time at
dimensionless,
temperature) of the materials commonly used in all-metallic
insulationscandeterminetheeffectsofoxidationonemittance.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC16onThermal
5.3 The measurements described in this test method are
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
conducted in a vacuum environment. Usually this condition
Measurement.
will provide emittance values that are applicable to materials
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally
used under other conditions, such as in an air environment.
approvedin1976.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2006asC835–01(2006).DOI:
10.1520/C0835-06.
However, it must be recognized that surface properties of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
materials used in air or other atmospheres may be different. In
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
addition, preconditioned surfaces, as described in 5.2, may be
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. altered in a vacuum environment because of vacuum stripping
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C835 − 06
of absorbed gases and other associated
...

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ASTM C835-06(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The emittance as measured by this test method can be used in the calculation of radiant heat transfer from surfaces that are representative of the tested specimens, and that are within the temperature range of the tested specimens.  
5.2 This test method can be used to determine the effect of service conditions on the emittance of materials. In particular, the use of this test method with furnace exposure (time at temperature) of the materials commonly used in all-metallic insulations can determine the effects of oxidation on emittance.  
5.3 The measurements described in this test method are conducted in a vacuum environment. Usually this condition will provide emittance values that are applicable to materials used under other conditions, such as in an air environment. However, it must be recognized that surface properties of materials used in air or other atmospheres may be different. In addition, preconditioned surfaces, as described in 5.2, may be altered in a vacuum environment because of vacuum stripping of absorbed gases and other associated vacuum effects. Thus, emittances measured under vacuum may have values that differ from those that exist in air, and the user must be aware of this situation. With these qualifications in mind, emittance obtained by this test method may be applied to predictions of thermal transference.  
5.4 Several assumptions are made in the derivation of the emittance calculation as described in this test method. They are that:  
5.4.1 The enclosure is a blackbody emitter at a uniform temperature,  
5.4.2 The total hemispherical absorptance of the completely diffuse blackbody radiation at the temperature of the enclosure is equal to the total hemispherical emittance of the specimen at its temperature, and  
5.4.3 There is no heat loss from the test section by convection or conduction. For most materials tested by the procedures as described in this test method, the effects of these assumptions are small and either neglected...
SCOPE
1.1 This calorimetric test method covers the determination of total hemispherical emittance of metal and graphite surfaces and coated metal surfaces up to approximately 1400°C. The upper-use temperature is limited only by the characteristics (for example, melting temperature, vapor pressure) of the specimen and the design limits of the test facility. This test method has been demonstrated for use up to 1400 °C. The lower-use temperature is limited by the temperature of the bell jar.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the use of magnetic and eddy current gages for dry film thickness measurement. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting the equipment and lists the reporting recommendations.  
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1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G75-15(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Miller Number5 is an index of the relative abrasivity of slurries. Its primary purpose is to rank the abrasivity of slurries in terms of the wear of a standard reference material. The wear damage on the standard wear block is worse as the Miller Number gets higher.  
5.2 The SAR Number is an index of the relative abrasion response of materials as tested in any particular slurry of interest. The SAR Number is a generalized form of the Miller Number applicable to materials other than the reference material used for the Miller Number determination. A major purpose is to rank construction materials for use in a system for pumping and fluid handling equipment for a particular slurry. It can also be used to rank the abrasivity of various slurries against any selected construction material other than the reference material specified for a Miller Number determination. The slurry damage on the specimen of material being tested is worse as the SAR Number gets higher.  
5.3 Experience has shown that slurries with a Miller Number or a SAR Number of approximately 50 or lower can be pumped with minor abrasive damage to the system. Above a number of 50, precautions must be observed and greater damage from abrasion is to be expected. Accordingly, the Miller Number and the SAR Number provide information about the slurry or the material that may be useful in the selection of pumps and other equipment and to predict the life expectancy of liquid-end parts of the pumps involved.  
5.4 The SAR Number can be used to determine the most suitable materials for certain slurry systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a single laboratory procedure that can be used to develop data from which either the relative abrasivity of any slurry (Miller Number) or the response of different materials to the abrasivity of different slurries (SAR Number), can be determined.  
1.2 The test data obtained by this procedure is used to calculate either a number related to the rate of mass loss of duplicate standard-shaped 27 % chromium iron wear blocks when run for a period of time in the slurry of interest (Miller Number), or to calculate a number related to the rate of mass loss (converted to volume loss) of duplicate standard-shaped wear specimens of any material of interest when run for a period of time in any slurry of interest (SAR Number).  
1.3 The requirement for a finished flat wearing surface on the test specimen for a SAR Number test may preclude application of the procedure where thin (0.051 mm to 0.127 mm), hard, wear-resistant coatings will not allow for surface finishing. The 6 h total duration of the SAR Number Test may not allow establishment of a consistent rate-of-mass-loss of the unfinished surface.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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