ASTM E887-88(1996)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Silica in Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) and RDF Ash
Standard Test Method for Silica in Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) and RDF Ash
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of silica in RDF, RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag.
1.2 The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 6.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 887 – 88 (Reapproved 1996)
Standard Test Method for
Silica in Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) and RDF Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 887; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.3 Hot Plate or Steam Bath.
4.4 Platinum Crucibles, 35 to 85-mL capacity.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of silica in
4.5 Graphite Crucibles, 35 to 85-mL capacity.
RDF, RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag.
4.6 Fused Quartz Dishes, 35 to 85-mL capacity.
1.2 The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric
procedure and is independent of interferences.
5. Reagents and Materials
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
used in this test. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
only.
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard state-
accuracy of the determination.
ment, see Section 6.
5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, reference
2. Referenced Documents to water shall be understood to mean at least Type III reagent
water conforming to Specification D 1193.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.3 Sodium Carbonate (Na CO ), anhydrous powder.
2 3
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
5.4 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), concentrated, sp gr 1.19.
E 791 Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel
5.5 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 3), Mix 1 volume of concen-
Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases
trated HCl with 3 volumes of water.
E 829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived-Fuel (RDF)
5.6 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 1)—Mix 1 volume of concen-
Laboratory Samples for Analysis
trated HCl with 1 volume of water.
E 830 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of
3 5.7 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99)—Mix 1 volume of concen-
Refuse-Derived Fuel
trated HCl with 99 volumes of water.
E 856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to
5.8 Sulfuric Acid (1 + 1)—Mix 1 volume of concentrated
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse-Derived
sulfuric acid (H SO , sp gr 1.84) with 1 volume of water.
2 4
Fuel
5.9 Hydrofluric Acid (HF), concentrated 48 to 51 %.
3. Summary of Test Method
6. Hazards
3.1 Silicon compounds in RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or
6.1 Due to the origins of RDF in municipal waste, common
slag are dissolved by alkali fusion and dehydrated with
sense dictates that precautions should be observed when
hydrochloric acid (HCl). Dehydration is completed by ignition,
conducting tests on the samples. Recommended hygienic
and the silica is volatilized as silicon tetrafluoride.
practices include use of gloves when handling RDF; wearing
4. Apparatus dust masks (NIOSH-approved type), especially while milling
RDF samples; conducting tests under negative pressure hoods
4.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 0.0001 g.
when possible; and washing hands before eating or smoking.
4.2 Muffle Furnace—The furnace shall have an operating
temperature of up to 1200°C.
7. Sampling
7.1 Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF):
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment.
Current edition approved March 25, 1988. Published May 1988. Originally “Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications,” Am. Chemi-
published as E 887 – 82. Last previous edition E 887 – 82. cal Soc., Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. the American Chemical Society, see “Analar Standards for Laboratory U.K.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04. Chemicals,” BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, and the “United States Pharmacopeia.”
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 887 – 88 (1996)
NOTE 1—ASTM Subcommittee E38.01 is currently in the process of
8.2.5 Complete the conversion to ash at a temperature of
developing procedures for sampling RDF.
800 to 900°C (1470 to 1659°F).
7.1.1 RDF products are frequently nonhomogeneous. For
8.2.6 Cool in a desiccator and stir the ash to ensure
this reason, significant care should be exercised to obtain a homogeneity of particle sizes. Be careful not to lose any ash
representative laboratory sample from the RDF lot to be
from the dish during this stirring.
characterized.
8.2.7 Spread the ash in a thin layer in the dish and ignite in
7.1.2 The sampling method for these procedures should be
a stream of oxygen for 1 ⁄2 h at 800 to 850°C (1470 to 1560°F)
based on agreement between involved parties.
to ensure complete and uniform oxidation of the ash.
7.1.3 The laboratory sample must be air-dried and particle
8.2.8 Cool the ash to room temperature in a desiccator.
size reduced to pass a 0.5-mm screen for analysis. This
8.2.9 Weigh the dish and the ash.
procedure must be performed carefully to preserve the sam-
8.2.10 Calculate the percent residue after ignition as fol-
ple’s representative characteristics (other than particle size)
lows:
while preparing the analysis sample to be used in this proce-
% Residue after ignition 5 ~F 2 D!/~E 2 D! 3 100 (2)
dure (see Practice E 829).
7.2 Refuse-Derived Fuel Ash, Fly Ash, Bottom Ash, or
where:
Slag—The method of sampling for this procedure should be
D = weight of fused quartz dish, g,
based on agreement between involved parties.
E = weight of fused quartz dish and sample, of RDF ash,
fly ash, bottom ash or slag, g, and
8. Sample Preparation
F = weight of fused quartz dish and residue after ignition of
8.1 Refuse-Derived Fuel:
RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag, g.
8.1.1 Weigh accurately 30 to 50 g of RDF analysis sample
as prepared in 7.16.1 into a conditioned and preweighed fused
9. Procedure
quartz dish.
9.1 Sample Fusion:
8.1.2 Spread out the analysis sample of RDF in a layer not
9.1.1 Weigh accurately 0.010 to 0.100 g of the prepared
over 38.1 mm (1 ⁄2 in.) in depth.
RDF ash as prepared in 8.1 or the residue of RDF ash, fly ash,
8.1.3 Place the dish in the muffle at a low temperature (not
bottom ash, or slag as prepared in 8.2 into a platinum or
greater than 100°C) and gradually heat to redness at such a rate
graphite crucible.
as to avoid mechani
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